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1. .
From the History of Building
Many thousands of years ago there were no houses such as people live in today. In hot countries people sometimes made their homes in the trees and used leaves to protect themselves from rain or sun. In colder countries they dwelt in caves. Later people left their caves and trees and began to build houses out of different materials such as mud, wood or stones.
Later people found that bricks made of mud and dried in the hot sunshine became almost as hard as stones. In ancient Egypt especially, people learned to use these sun-dried mud bricks. Some of their buildings are still standing after several thousands of years. The ancient Egyptians discovered how to cut stone for building purposes. They erected temples, palaces and huge tombs. The ancient Greeks also understood the art of building with cut stone, and their buildings were beautiful as well as useful. Where as the ancient Greeks tried to embody the idea of harmony and pure beauty in their buildings, the Roman architecture produces the impression of greatness, might, and practicalness. The Romans were great bridge, harbor and road builders. The Romanian period was followed by other periods each of which produced its own type of architecture and building materials.
During the last hundred years many new methods of building have been discovered. One of the most recent discoveries is the usefulness of steel as a building material.
Key vocabulary /expressions
art of building
brick [brik] n
borrow [borou] v (from) ,
concrete ['konkrit] n,
dome [doum]n
dwel 1 [dwel] v,
embody [im'bodi] v,
erectfi'rekt] v,
findjfaind] v (out) ,
kiln | kiln] n ,
pile| pail] n,
pillarfpils] n,
remains [ri1meinz] pi ,
tribe [traib]n
2. Give the degrees of comparison of the following adjectives and adverbs()
good, bad, far, easy, interesting
3. Readandtranslatethesentences( )
1. The most you practice speaking, the better you will do it.
2. The less you speak, the more you hear.
4. Put the questions to the underlined parts, of the sentences ().
They will buy these books tomorrow, (what? when?)
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5. Answer the following ALTERNATIVE QUESTIONS ().
1. Does she play tennis or volley-ball?
2. Will he go to see his friend or ring him up?
6. Read and translate the questions ().
1. Let's talk about it, shall we?
5. She's taken the test already, hasn't she?
7. Finishthequestions( ).
1. He ought to go to Moscow....?
2. He will meet us at the airport,...?
8. Translatethefollowingsentences( , ).
1. avoid stuffiness, the air should be given a certain amount of motion.
2. Under winter conditions this must be sufficient to distribute the heat uniformly throughout the rooms.
3. About 100,000 people had to take part in the construction of pyramids.
9. Translate the sentences with the construction "there is/are, etc" ("there is/are).
1. There are many ancient buildings made of concrete remaining in Rome till nowadays.
2. Many thousands of years ago there were no houses such as people live in today.
10. Insert the necessary verb: make or do (make do).
1. She would like to... a journey to Italy this summer.
5. Housewives usually... their washing-up on Saturdays.
11. TranslateintoEnglishpayingattentiontoPASSIVEVOICE( , ).
1. .
5. , .
12. Use the verbs in brackets in the required INDEFINITE TENSE (INDEFINITE).
1. Will you (to travel) to the Crimea or to the Caucasus?
2. It (to be) possible or impossible for you to get to the university in 5 minutes?
3. They (not to know) the words properly.
4. Our family (not to travel) to the Crimea last year.
1. .
FROM THE HISTORY OF BUILDING
Nowadays when it is necessary to have a very tall building, the frame of it is first built in steel and then the building is completed in concrete. Concrete is an artificial kind of stone, much cheaper than brick or natural stone and much stronger than they are.
The earliest findings of concrete building fragments belonging to prehistoric times were discovered in Mexico and Peru. The Egyptians in the construction of bridges, roads and town walls employed it. There are evidences that ancient Greeks also used concrete in the building purposes. The use of concrete by the ancient Romans can be traced back as far as 500 B.C. *They were the first to use it throughout the ancient Roman Empire *on a pretty large scale and many constructions made of concrete remain till nowadays thus proving the long life of buildings made of concrete. Of course, it was not the concrete people use today. It consisted of mud. clay and pure lime, which were used to hold together the roughly broken stone in foundations and walls. It was the so-called "pseudo concrete". The idea of such building material might have been borrowed from the ancient Greeks as some samples of it were found in the ruins of Pompeii.
A few explanations to the text
1. They were the first to use... 2 on a pretty large scale
Key vocabulary /expressions art f building brick [brik] n
borrow ['borou] v (from) ,
concrete [konkrit] n.
dome [doum]n
dwell [dwel] v,
embody [im'bodi] v,
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erectfirekt] v,
findjfaind] v (out) ,
kiln [kiln] n ,
pile [pail] n,
pillarfpils] n,
remains [ri' meinz] pi ,
tribe [traib]n
2. Give the degrees of comparison of the following adjectives and adverbs()
narrow, high, large, big, thoroughly
3. Readandtranslatethesentences( )
1. The more you study during the semester, the less you have to study before exams.
2. The faster we finish our test, the sooner we can leave the classroom.
4. Put the questions to the underlined parts, of the sentences ().
This student translates well, (who? how?)
5. Answer the following ALTERNATIVE QUESTIONS ().
1. Do you want to travel by bus or by train?
2. Is it possible or impossible to bathe in the sea in winter?
6. Read and translate the questions ().
1. We have not to hurry, have we?
2. She had to leave, hadn't she?
7. Finishthequestions( ).
1. We have to sign this,...?
2. Let's go home,...?
8. Translatethefollowingsentences( , ).
1. can translate this text without a ditionary. Can you translate it without a dictionary? No. I cannot (I can't), 1 am not
an expert in English.
2. Can a little boy lift a car? No, he can't. He cannot do it because the car is too heavy for him.
3. If you cannot have the best, make the best of what you have.
9. Translate the sentences with the construction "there is/are, etc" ('is/are).
1. There are two new hotels under construction in this part of the city.
2. There exist at present different varieties of bricks.
10. Insert the necessary verb: make or do (make do).
1. If he... a mistake, he will have to... his lesson again.
2. It will only... you good.
11. TranslateintoEnglishpayingattentiontoPASSIVEVOICE( , ).
1. ?
2. .
12. Use the verbs in brackets in the required INDEFINITE TENSE (INDEFINITE).
1. Our group (to go) to the discotheque tonight.
2. We (to get) books from the library next week.
3. We (not to go) to the park in the evening.
4. He (to show) us his report yesterday.
1. .
Construction Works
The first houses were built for the purpose of protecting their owners from the weather and, therefore, were very simplea roof to keep off the rain or snow, and walls to keep out the wind. The building erected now can be divided into two broad classifications: they are either for housing or for industrial purpose.
As far as the material is concerned, the building can be divided into stone (or brick), wood and concrete types. The brick is an artificial material made of clay then burnt to harden it. The natural stone (rubble masonry) is used for footing and foundations for external walls carrying the load. The buildings made of stone or brick are durable, fire-proof and have poor heat conductivity. The tiers or levels which divide a building into stages or stories are called floors. These may be of timber but in stone buildings they are made of ferro-concrete details in great and small sizes. The coverings or upper parts of buildings constructed over to keep out rain and wind and to preserve the interior from exposure to the weather, are called roofs. These should tie the walls and give strength and firmness to the construction. Every building must be beautiful in appearance and proportional in various parts.
Any building should be provided with water, electricity, ventilation and heating system. Getting water into the house is called plumbing. The first part of this problem is called water supply and the second one is called drainage or Sewerage.
A few explanations to the text
1....followed its progress with interest.
2. basic and detailed engineering
3. starting up and adjustment operations-Key vocabulary / expressions
basement ['beizmant] , ;
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beam [bi:m]n,
cause [ko:z]n,
coat n, ~ ()
commissionv
contractorn
designedperformance
foundation [faun'deijn] n,
framework [freimwa:k] n,
footing - , ,
girder[' ga:da]- n ,
precommissioning works
spare partsv
timber [timba] n, ,
2. Give the degrees of comparison of the following adjectives and adverbs () little, natural, cheap, small, many
3. Readandtranslatethesentences( )
1. The louder you shout, the less you convince anyone.
2. The most you practice speaking, the better you will do it.
4. Put the questions to the underlined parts, of the sentences ().
His mother worked at a factory, (whose? where?)
5. Answer the following ALTERNATIVE QUESTIONS ().
1. Does the widget work well or badly?
2. Does she play tennis or volley-ball?
6. Readandtranslatethequestions( ).
1. 1should not complain, should I?
2. Let's talk about it, shall we?
7. Finishthequestions( ).
1. You can't speak French,...?
2. He ought.to go to Moscow....?
8. Translatethefollowingsentences( , ).
1. May I smoke here?Yes, of course you may, but you mustn't.
You better smoke only in the smoking-room.
2. May we use a dictionary at the exam?1 think, you needn't.
3. The teacher said that we might use a dictionary, if we could not do without it.
9. Translate the sentences with the construction "there is/are, etc" ('is/are).
1. There was a big transition in concrete during the times of JulusCeasar.
2. There are many ancient buildings made of concrete remaining in Rome till nowadays.
10. Insert the necessary verb: make or do (make do).
1. Don't worry; I will try to... my best to help you.
2. She would like to... a journey to Italy this summer.
11. TranslateintoEnglishpayingattentiontoPASSIVEVOICE( , ).
1. .
2. .
12. Use the verbs in brackets in the required INDEFINITE TENSE (INDEFINITE).
1. friend (to speak) good English.
2. He (not to pronounce) the given word correctly.
3. This student (to translate) many English texts a year ago.
4. They (to know) this theoretical material pretty well.
1. .
Construction Works
Almost everybody saw the construction of a building and followed its progress with interest. First the excavation is dug for the basement, then the foundation walls below ground level are constructed; after this the framework is erected and clothed with various finishing materials and protected by several coats of paint. The part upon which the stability of the structure depends is the framework of the floors, walls, roofs and other parts of the building must be carefully designed and proportioned.
The architector designermust decide, what the size of the walls, the floors, the beams, the girders and the parts, which make up the framework, will be and how they will be placed and arranged. Here are the main parts of a building and their functions.
Foundationsserve to keep the walls and floors from contact with the soil, to guard them against the action of frost, to prevent them from sinking and setting which cause cracks in walls and uneven floors.
Floorsdivide the building into stories. They may be either of timber or may be constructed of a fire-resisting material. Walls are built to enclose areas and carry the weight of floors and roofs. The walls may be solid or hollow. The materials used for the walls construction can be brick, stone, concrete and other natural or artificial materials.
Roofscover the building and protect it from exposure to the weather. They tie the walls and give strength and firmness to the structure.
A few explanations to the text
1....followed its progress with interest.
2. basic and detailed engineering
3.starting up and adjustment operations-Key vocabulary / expressions
basement ['beizmant] , ; beam [bi:m]n, cause [ko:z]n, coat n, ~ () commissionv contractorndesigned performance foundation [faun'deɪʃ(ə)n] n, framework ['freimwa:k] n, girder ['gɜːdə] - n, precummissioning worksspare partsv
timber [timba] n, .
2. Give the degrees of comparison of the following adjectives and adverbs () generally, good, bad, far, easy
3. Readandtranslatethesentences( )
1. The less you speak, the more you hear.
2. Lime is a basic building material used all over the world as today so in the ancient world.
4. Put the questions to the underlined parts, of the sentences ().
She went to London yesterday, (where? when?)
5. Answer the following ALTERNATIVE QUESTIONS ().
1. Will he go to see his friend or ring him up?
2. Shall we dance or sing songs?
6. Readandtranslatethequestions( ).
1. She's taken the test already, hasn't she?
2. They'd go with us, wouldn't they?
7. Finishthequestions( ).
1.He will meet us at the airport,...?
2. Students have to register before the end of the first week of class....?
8. Translatethefollowingsentences( , ).
1. The students must stand up when the professor comes in.
2. Must the students stand up when the professor comes in?
Yes, they must.
3. When must the lecture begin?According to the timetable, the lecture must begin at 9.30 a.m.
9. Translate the sentences with the construction "there is/are, etc" ('is/are).
1. Many thousands of years ago there were no houses such as people live in today.
2. There will be a need to make remodeling of the flat in a year.
10. Insert the necessary verb: make or do (make do).
1. Housewives usually... their washing-up on Saturdays.
2. He just... an excuse and disappeared.
11. TranslateintoEnglishpayingattentiontoPASSIVEVOICE( , ).
1. , .
6. .
12. Use the verbs in brackets in the required INDEFINITE TENSE (INDEFINITE).
1. Will you (to travel) to the Crimea or to the Caucasus?
2. It (to be) possible or impossible for you to get to the university in 5 minutes?
3. They (not to know) the words properly.
4. Our family (not to travel) to the Crimea last year.
CONSTRUCTION WORKS
Turnkey constructionis the type of assistance in building different facilities. In this case the employer engages the contractor to design, manufacture, test, deliver, install, complete and commission a certain project and the contractorundertakes full responsibility for the project construction and commissioning. As a rule, the contractor's highly qualified specialists are made responsible for doing part or full construction works, carrying out installation, * start-up and adjustment operations.
After the construction is completed the precommissioning starts, that is testing, checking and meeting other requirements, which are specified in the technical handbooks. As soon as all works in respect of the precommissioning are completed and the project is ready for the commissioning, the contractor notifies the engineer (Project manager)with the message. The contractor begins the commissioning immediately after the engineer does the issue of the Completion Certificate.The contractor carries out the guarantee test during the commissioning to make sure that the project will reach the designed performance. Turnkey contracts are always long-term undertakings involving several parties, among them foreign and local subcontractors. The) are usually won as a result of tenders where the bidders compete for the contract on the terms most favorable for the customer.
A few explanations to the text
1. starting up and adjustment operations-Key vocabulary / expressions
basement ['beɪsmənt] , ; beam [bi:m]n, cause [ko:z]n, coat n, ~ () commissionv contractorndesigned performance foundation [faun'deijn] n, framework ['freimwa:k] n, girder [' ga:da]- n, precomrnissioning workstimber ['timba] n, , turnkey construction - ""
Completion Certificate - foreign and local subcontractors -
2. Give the degrees of comparison of the following adjectives and adverbs ()
interesting, correct, clear, healthy, responsible
3. Readandtranslatethesentences( )
1. The buildings were beautiful as well as useful.
2. The people began to build houses of different materials such as mud. wood, or stone.
4. Put the questions to the underlined parts, of the sentences ().
is the best student of our group because he works hard, (why?)
5. Answer the following ALTERNATIVE QUESTIONS ().
1. Did he translate this or that article?
2. Did she go to the river or to the forest?
6. Readandtranslatethequestions( ).
1. He's writing his Business Plan, isn't he?
2. We'd decided to open a joint account, hadn't we?
7. Finishthequestions( ).
1. Students have to register before the end of the first week of class....?
2. The clocks will all be set back an hour on the last Sunday in October at 3. 00 a.m. to take advantage of Daylight Savings Time,...?
8. Translatethefollowingsentences( , ).
1. The walls may be solid or hollow.
2. The materials used for the walls construction can be brick, stone, concrete and other natural or artificial materials.
3. Man had to protect himself against the elements and to sustain himself in the conflict with nature.
9. Translate the sentences with the construction "there is/are, etc" ('is/are).
1. There are evidences that ancient Greeks also used concrete in the building purposes.
2. There will be offices and shops on both sides of the avenue after its reconstruction.
10. Insert the necessary verb: make or do (make do).
1. We are to... choices pretty often in our lives.
2. It will not... you any harm.
11. TranslateintoEnglishpayingattentiontoPASSIVEVOICE( , ).
1. .
2. , .
12. UsetheverbsinbracketsintherequiredCONTINUOUSTENSE( CONTINUOUS).
1. The people (to arrive) to the conference from different countries.
2. What (to do) when I came in?
3. She (to come) to Moscow to see her friends.
4.1 (to work) at my manual now.
Modern Building Materials
Some of the most important building materials are: timber, brick, stone, concrete, metal, plastics and glass.
Timberis provided by different kinds of trees. Timbers used for building purposes are divided into two groups called softwoods and hardwoods. Timber is at present not so much used in building construction, as in railway engineering, in mining and in the chemical industry where it provides a number of valuable materials. However, timber is still employed as a building material in the form of boards. For the interior of buildings plywood and veneer serve a number of purposes.
A brickis best described as a "building unit". It may be made of clay by moulding and baking in kilns, of concrete, of mortar or of a composition of sawdust and other materials. There exists variety of bricks for different purposes: ordinary, hollow or porous, lightweight, multicolor bricks for decorative purposes, etc. Bricks are usually laid in place with the help of mortar. Sometimes natural stones such as marble, granite, basalt, limestone and sandstone are used for the construction of dams and foundations. Marble, granite and sandstone are widely used for decorative purposes as well, especially with the public buildings.
A few explanations to the text.
1....the first joints of the fingers
2.... for a vast number of purposes,
3.... and they can be easier machined..
Key vocabulary / expressions
consider |kan' sida] v , ;
cross-section ['krosakjn]-u , ,
derive (from)v; ;
froth [froG] ; v
handle [hsendl]- v ,
impermeability [im:'1 ] ;
kiln [kiln]
mortar ['moita]
plywood ['plaiwuid]
resist [ri'zist]v
sawdust [so:dAst] n
span n ,
subject [sab'drjekt]v (to) ;
tensile ['tensail] adj
veneer [vi'nia] n,
2. Give the degrees of comparison of the following adjectives and adverbs ()
necessary, competitive, old. beautifully, serious
3. Readandtranslatethesentences( )
1. The more you study during the semester, the less you have to study before exams.
2. The louder you shout, the less you convince anyone.
4. Put the questions to the underlined parts, of the sentences ().
The} will buy these books tomorrow, (what? when?)
5. Answer the following ALTERNATIVE QUESTIONS ().
1. Do you want to travel by bus or by train?
2. Does the widget work well or badly?
6. Readandtranslatethequestions( ).
1. He'd worked overtime, hadn't he?
2. We have worked hard in the semester, haven't we?
7. Finishthequestions( ).
1. We have to sign this,...?
2. You can't speak French,...?
8. Translatethefollowingsentences( , ).
1. Ruins of ancient buildings can be seen today in Greece.
2. After the war steel was short in Europe and many architects had to use concrete in their structures.
3. The production of many building materials is to be increased.
9. Translate the sentences with the construction "there is/are, etc" ('is/are).
1. There are two new hotels under construction in this part of the city.
2. There are parks, cycling and walking tracks, and lakes in many parts of Canberra.
10. Insert the necessary verb: make or do (make do).
1. If a person likes his or her business, he or she will... it thoroughly.
2. The earthquake... a lot of damage to the location.
11. TranslateintoEnglishpayingattentiontoPASSIVEVOICE( , ).
1. ?
2. .
12. UsetheverbsinbracketsintherequiredCONTINUOUSTENSE( CONTINUOUS).
1. It (not to rain) when we went out for a walk.
2. What he (to do) at 10 p.m. last night?
3. In 1983 they (to live) in Siberia.
4. Today she (to pass an exam) in English, and the day after tomorrow she (to pass an exam) in History.
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1. .
Modern Building Materials
Natural stoneis used for foundations and for the construction of dams. The main varieties of building stone are basalt, granite, marble, sandstone and limestone.
Metals: Aluminium,principally in the form of various alloys, is highly valued for its durability and especially for its light weight, while brassis frequently used for decorative purposes in facing.
Steelfinds its use in corrugated sheets for roofing, for girders, frames, etc. Various shapes are employed in construction.
Plasticsare artificial materials used in construction work *for a vast number of purposes. Nowadays plastics, which are artificial materials, can be applied to almost every branch of building, from the laying of foundation to the final coat of paint. Synthetic resins are the main raw material for plastics. Plastics have some good advantages as they are lighter than metals, not subject to corrosion, *and the) can be easier machined. Besides, they are inflammable, they can take any color and pattern, and they are good electrical insulators. More over, they possess a high resistance to chemical action. A lot of decorative plastics, now available, have brought about a revolution in interior and exterior design. But plastics are used now not only for decoration. These materials are sufficiently rigid to stand on their own without any support. They can be worked with ordinary builders' tools.
A few explanations to the text.
1.... for a vast number of purposes.
3.... and they can be easier machined..
Key vocabulary / expressions
consider |kan' sida] v , ;
cross-section [krosakjn]-n , ,
derive (from)v; ;
froth [froG] ; v
handle [hsendl]- v ,
impermeability[ɪmˌpɜːmɪə'bɪlətɪ]] ;
kilnjkiln]
mortar ['moita]
plywood ['plaiwuid]
resist [ri'zist]v
sawdust ['so:dAst] n
span n ,
subject [sab'drjekt]v (to) ;
tensile ['tensail] adj
veneer [vi'nia] n,
2. Give the degrees of comparison of the following adjectives and adverbs ()
much, narrow, high, large, big
3. Readandtranslatethesentences( )
1. The faster we finish our test, the sooner we can leave the classroom.
2. The most you practice speaking, the better you will do it.
4. Put the questions to the underlined parts, of the sentences ().
I like to read newspapers, (what?)
5. Answer the following ALTERNATIVE QUESTIONS ().
1. Is it possible or impossible to bathe in the sea in winter?
2. Does she play tennis or volley-ball?
6. Readandtranslatethequestions( ).
1. We have not to hurry, have we?
2.1 should not complain, should I?
7. Finishthequestions( ).
1.. Let's go home,...?
2. He ought to go to Moscow,...?
8. Translatethefollowingsentences( , ).
1. The roof should tie the walls and give strength to the construction.
2. The floors, walls, roofs and other parts of the building must be carefully designed and proportioned.
3. Conditioning air for human comfort may also be divided into two main sections- winter and summer.
9. Translate the sentences with the construction "there is/are, etc" ("is/are).
1. There exist at present different varieties of bricks.
2. There are many ancient buildings made of concrete remaining in Rome till nowadays.
10. Insert the necessary verb: make or do (make do).
1. Joseph...his test better than anybody else in the group.
2. Joiner is a man who... joinery.
11. TranslateintoEnglishpayingattentiontoPASSIVEVOICE( , ).
1. .
2. .
12. UsetheverbsinbracketsintherequiredCONTINUOUSTENSE( CONTINUOUS).
1.1 came in when they (to play) tennis on the tennis court.
2. What you (to do) at 11 a.m. tomorrow?
3. The people (to arrive) to the conference from different countries.
4. What (to do) when I came in?
8
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Modern Building Materials
Some of the most important building materials are: timber, brick, stone, concrete, metal, plastics and glass.
Laminateis a strong material manufactured from many layers of paper or textile impregnated with thermosetting resins. This sandwich is then pressed and subjected to heat. Laminate has been developed for both inside and outside use. It resists severe weather conditions for more than ten years without serious deformation. As a structural material it is recommended for exterior work. Being used for surfacing, laminate gives the tough surface.
Foamed glassis a high-porosity heat insulating material, available in block made of fine- ground glass and a frothing agent. Foamed glass is widely used in prefabricated house building, to ensure heat insulation of exterior wall panels, and in industrial construction. Foamed glass has a high mechanical strength, is distinguished by moisture, vapor and gas impermeability. It is non-inflammable, offers resistance to frost, possesses a high sound adsorption, and it is easily sewn and nailed. Structural foamed glass blocks designed to fill ceilings, and for making interior partitions in buildings and rooms, to ensure heat and sound insulation.
Key vocabulary / expressions
Consider [kən'sɪdə] v, :
cross-section ['krosakjn]-/7 , ,
derive (from)v: ;
froth [froG] ; v
handle [hsendl]- v ,
impermeability [ɪmˌpɜːmɪə'bɪlətɪ] ,
kilnjkiln]
mortar ['moita]
plywood [plaiwuid]
resist [rɪ'zɪst]v
sawdust ['sɔːdʌst] n
span n ,
subject [sab'drjekt]v (to) ;
tensile ['tensail] adj
veneer[və'nɪə] n,
2. Give the degrees of comparison of the following adjectives and adverbs ( )thoroughly, little, natural, cheap, small
3. Readandtranslatethesentences( )
1. The less you speak, the more you hear.
2. The buildings were beautiful as well as useful.
4. Put the questions to the underlined parts, of the sentences ().
We saw this film a week ago, (what? when?)
1. Answer the following ALTERNATIVE QUESTIONS ().
1. Will he go to see his friend or ring him up?
2. Did he translate this or that article?
2. Readandtranslatethequestions( ).
1. She had to leave, hadntshe?
2. Let's talk about it, shall we?
3. Finishthequestions( ).
1. He will meet us at the airport,...?
2. Students have to register before the end of the first week of class....?
4. Translatethefollowingsentences( , ).
1. avoid stuffiness, the air should be given a certain amount of motion.
2. Under winter conditionsthis must be sufficient to distribute the heat uniformly throughout the rooms.
3. About 100,000 people had to take part in the construction of pyramids.
5. Translate the sentences with the construction "there is/are, etc" ("there is/are).
1. Many thousands of years ago there were no houses such as people live in today.
2. There are evidences that ancient Greeks also used concrete in the building purposes.
6. Insert the necessary verb: make or do (make do).
1. If he... a mistake, he will have to... his lesson again.
2. Don't worry; I will try to... my best to help you.
7. TranslateintoEnglishpayingattentiontoPASSIVEVOICE( , ).
1. , .
2. , .
8. UsetheverbsinbracketsintherequiredCONTINUOUSTENSE( CONTINUOUS).
1.1 came in when they (to play) tennis on the tennis court.
2. What you (to do) at 11 a.m. tomorrow?
3. The people (to arrive) to the conference from different countries.
4. What (to do) when I came in?
9
1. .
Civil Engineering
1he term "engineeringis a modem one.
Nowadays the term "engineering" means, as a rule, the art of designing, constructing, or using engines. But this word is now applied *in a more extended sense. It is applied also to the art of executing such works as the objects of civil and military architecture, in which engines or other mechanical appliances are used.
Engineering is divided into many branches. The most important of them are: civil, mechanical, electrical, nuclear, mining, military, marine, and sanitary engineering. While the definition "civil engineering " dates back only two centuries, the profession of civil engineer is as old as civilized life. First the word "civil engineering" was used to distinguish the work of the engineer with a non-military purpose from that of a military engineer. And up to about the middle of the 18lh century there were two main branches of engineering civil and military. Military engineering is concerned itself with the applications of science and the utilization of building materials in the art of war. But as time went on, the art of civil engineering was enriched with new achievements of science. With the beginning of the Industrial Revolution and later there came a remarkable series of mechanical inventions, great discoveries in electrical science and atomic energy. It led to differentiation of mechanical, electrical, nuclear engineering.
A few explanations to the text 1....in a more extended sense
2. Here are some fields of civil engineering. .
Key vocabulary / expressions
appliance [ə'plaɪən(t)s] n, applyv(for, m.d. to -)
branch [brɑːnʧ]; ; concern(with)v" , ; conflictwithnature ['neitja] ,
deal (with) v-., -. divide (into) v, distinguish (from)vexecute ['eksɪkjuːt] vharbour[:] nlead (to)v()
protectoneselfagainst -. sustain [sastein]v;
2. Give the degrees of comparison of the following adjectives and adverbs ()
many, generally, good, bad. far
3. Readandtranslatethesentences( )
1. Lime is a basic building material used all over the world as today so in the ancient world.
2. The people began to build houses of different materials such as mud. wood, or stone.
2. Put the questions to the underlined parts, of the sentences ().
The teacher gave her two interesting magazines, (whom0 How many? what?)
3. Answer the following ALTERNATIVE QUESTIONS ().
1. Shall we dance or sing songs?
2. Did she go to the river or to the forest?
4. Readandtranslatethequestions( ).
1. She's taken the test already, hasn't she?
2. He's writing his Business Plan, isn't he?
5. Finishthequestions( ).
1. He will meet us at the airport,...?
2. The clocks will all be set back an hour on the last Sunday in October at 3. 00 a.m. to take advantage of Daylight Savings Time,...?
6. Translatethefollowingsentences( , ).
1. The materials used for the walls construction can be brick, stone, concrete and other natural or artificial materials.
2. Ruins of ancient buildings can be seen today in Greece.
7. Translate the sentences with the construction "there is/are, etc" ('is/are).
1. There will be a need to make remodeling of the fiat in a year.
2. There will be offices and shops on both sides of the avenue after its reconstruction.
8. Insert the necessary verb: make or do (make do).
1.. It will only... you good.
2. She would like to... a journey to Italy this summer.
9. TranslateintoEnglishpayingattentiontoPASSIVEVOICE( , ).
1. ?
2. .
10. Use the verbs in brackets in the required INDEFINITE TENSE(INDEFINITE).
1. Our group (to go) to the discotheque tonight.
2. We (to get) books from the library next week.
3. We (not to go) to the park in the evening.
4. He (to show) us his report yesterday.
1. .
Civil Engineering
It is a well-known fact that with the invention of the steam engine and the growth of factories a number of civil engineers became interested in the practical application of the science of mechanics and thermodynamics to the design of machines. They separated themselves from civil engineering, and were called "mechanical engineers". With the development of the science of electricity, there appeared another branch of the engineering electrical engineering. In the middle of the 201h century there appeared some other new branches of engineering nuclear engineering and space engineering. At present there are hundreds of subdivisions of engineering, but they all, at one time or another, branched off from civil engineering. The term "civil engineering" has two distinct meanings. In the widest and oldest sense it includes all nonmilitary branches of engineering as it did two centuries ago. But in its narrower, and at the present day more correct sense, civil engineering includes mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, metallurgical, and mining engineering.
*Here are some fields of civil engineering:
1. Housing, industrial, and agricultural construction.
2. Structural engineeringcomprises the construction of all fixed structures with their foundations.
3. The construction of highways and city streets and pavements.
4. The construction of railroads.
5. The construction of harbors and canals.
6. Hydraulic engineering whichincludes the construction of dams and power plants.
A few explanations to the text
1.... Here are some fields of civil engineering. .
Key vocabulary / expressions appliance [ə'plaɪən(t)s] n,
apply[aplai] v (for , .. to -)
branch [brarntj] ; ;
concern [k9n's3:n] (with)v" , ;
conflictwithnature ['neitja] ,
deal (with) v -.. -.
divide (into) v,
distinguish (from)v
execute['eksɪkjuːt] v
harbour[:] n
lead (to)-v ()
protectoneselfagainst -. sustain [sə'steɪn]v;
2. Give the degrees of comparison of the following adjectives and adverbs () easy, interesting, correct, clear, healthy
3. Readandtranslatethesentences( )
1. The buildings were beautiful as well as useful.
2. After that procedure bricks became almost as hard as stones.
4. Put the questions to the underlined parts, of the sentences ().
She went to London yesterday, (where? when?)
5. Answer the following ALTERNATIVE QUESTIONS ().
1. Do you want to travel by bus or by train?
2. Does the widget work well or badly?
6. Readandtranslatethequestions( ).
1. They'd go with us, wouldn't they?
2. We'd decided to open a joint account, hadn't we?
7. Finishthequestions( ).
1. We have to sign this,...?
2. He ought.to go to Moscow....?
8. Translatethefollowingsentences( , ).
1. After the war steel was short in Europe and many architects had to use concrete in their structures.
2. The roof should tie the walls and give strength to the construction.
9. Translate the sentences with the construction "there is/are, etc" ('is/are).
1. There exist at present different varieties of bricks.
2. There will be offices and shops on both sides of the avenue after its reconstruction.
10. Insert the necessary verb: make or do (make do).
1. Housewives usually... their washing-up on Saturdays.
2. We are to... choices pretty often in our lives.
11. TranslateintoEnglishpayingattentiontoPASSIVEVOICE( , ).
1. , .
6. .
12. Use the verbs in brackets in the required INDEFINITE TENSE() INDEFINITE).
1. friend (to speak) good English
2. He (not to pronounce) the given word correctly.
3. This student (to translate) many English texts a year ago.
4. They (to know) this theoretical material pretty well.
.., O.F., .., 91 . / < >. /: , 2004, 352 .
.. - - . - .: , 2005.
. . : . . - : , 2010. -
288.
. ., . . : . 10-11 . . - 10- . - .: , 200. - 384 .
