: ("a"/"an" ( , ) ("the"). , , "one" (), "this" (). : ( , ), , .
: I have a pen ( ()). The pen is good ( () ).
(happiness, friendship, etc.) ( ).
:
(the Present Simple)
(the Past Simple)
(the Future Simple)
: (the Continious Tense), (the Perfect Tense) : the Perfect Continious Tense.
, "" - :
| Simple (, ) | Continious (, "" ) | Perfect ( , ) | Perfect Continious (, - ( ) | |
| Present | I work She (he) works We work | I am working He is working We are working | I have worked He has worked We have worked | I have been working He has been working We have been working |
| Past | I worked She worked We worked ( ) | I was working She was working We were working | I had worked He had worked We had worked | I had been working He had been working We had been working |
| Future | I will work She will work We will work | I will be working She will be working We will be working | I will have worked He will have worked We will have worked | I will have been working He will have been working We will have been working |
:
He said that he lived ( lives) in London. ( , ).
He said that he had lived ( lived) in London ( , ).
He said that he would ( will) live in London ( , ).
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(regular) (irregular). -ed. .
e.g: work-worked-worked
.
:
| Present | Simple past | past participle | notes | |||||
| arise | arose | arisen | ||||||
| (be), am, is, are | was, were | been | Present: I am, you are, he is, we /they are. | |||||
| bear | bore | born | ||||||
| beat | beat | beaten | ||||||
| begin | began | begun | ||||||
| bend | bent | bent | ||||||
| bind | bound | bound | ||||||
| bite | bit | bitten | ||||||
| bleed | bled | bled | ||||||
| blow | blew | blown | ||||||
| break | broke | broken | ||||||
| breed | bred | bred | ||||||
| bring | brought | brought | ||||||
| build | built | built | ||||||
| burn | burned/burnt | burned/burnt | ||||||
| buy | bought | bought | ||||||
| catch | caught | caught | ||||||
| choose | chose | chose | ||||||
| cling | clung | clung | ||||||
| come | came | come | and become, overcome | |||||
| creep | crept | crept | ||||||
| Present | Simple past | past participle | notes | |||||
| bet | bet (or betted) | bet (or betted) | ||||||
| bid | bid | bid | ||||||
| burst | burst | burst | ||||||
| cast | cast | cast | and broadcast | |||||
| cost | cost | cost | ||||||
| cut | cut | cut | ||||||
| hit | hit | hit | ||||||
| hurt | hurt | hurt | ||||||
| let | let | let | ||||||
| put | put | put | ||||||
| quit | quit | quit | ||||||
| read | read | read | Note the sound changes: [ri:d], [red], [red] | |||||
| rid | rid | rid | ||||||
| set | set | set | and upset | |||||
| shed | shed | shed | ||||||
| shut | shut | shut | ||||||
| slit | slit | slit | ||||||
| spread | spread | spread | ||||||
| thrust | thrust | thrust | ||||||
(PASSIVE VOICE)
to be ( ) :
The house was built five years ago. ( .)
:
| Simple | Continious | Perfect | |
| Present | I am shown He is shown We are shown | I am being shown He is being shown We are being shown | I have been shown He has been shown We have been shown |
| Past | I was shown He was shown We were shown | I was being shown He was being shown We were being shown | I had been shown He had been shown We had been shown |
| Future | I will be shown He will be shown We will be shown | I will have been shown He will have been shown We will have been shown | |
| Future in the past | I would be shown He would be shown We would be shown | I would have been shown He would have been shown We would have been shown |
1 2
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1( + ing)
)
The blowing wind ( )
)
The man playing the piano is my brother. (, , ).
)
While crossing the street, he heard a strange noise. ( , ).
: 1 , . , crossing, , "" "".
2 3- .
2 :
)
The translated book ( )
)
The car parked outside the station is my sister's. (, , ).
: " " (Complex Object) " " (Complex Subject)
C
want, would like, expect .
I want him to buy that book.
, .
I would like them to visit us.
, .
" ":
He is said to go for a walk every day.
, .
"appear", "prove", "turn out" "suppose".
He appeared (proved, turned out) to be a wonderful actor.
, .
used to +
, , .
I used to smoke -
He used to swim every day -
This building used to be a shop - - .
, , , , .
(DEGREES OF COMPARISON)
: (the Positive Degree), (the Comparative Degree) (the Superlative Degree).
: ) ) .
1. : -r, - -est.
, -l:
simple , humble . .; -: happy , heavy . .; -r: clever , bitter ,
. .; -ow: narrow , shallow . ., .
| short high | shorter , higher , | shortest , highest , |
-r -est :
1) , :
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| hot | hotter | Hottest | |
| big | bigger | Biggest | |
| flat | , | flatter | Flattest |
2) i -r -est,
| happy | happier | happiest | |
| dry | drier | driest | |
| : grey | greyer | greyest |
3) ( ) -r, -est:
| large | larger | largest | |
| white | whiter | whitest |
2. : more, most.
:
| useful | more useful , | most useful , |
| difficult | more difficult , | most difficult |
| numerous | more numerous | most numerous |
, , less least :
| , | ||
| difficult considerable | less difficult less considerable | least difficult least considerable |
not. :
Im=I am youve=you have didnt=did not
:
| m=am s=is or has re=are ve=have ll=will or shall d=would or had | Im Ive Ill Id | hes hell hed | shes shell shed | its itll | youre youve youll youd | were weve well wed | theyre theyve theyll theyd |
: who, what, how etc that, there, here
Whos that girl over there? ( ?)
I think therell be a lot of people at the party. ( , ).
:
Johns going out tonight. ( - ).
Are you tired? Yes, I am.
Do you know where he is?
not :
isnt=is not havent=have not
wont=will not
dont=do not cant=can not
shant=shall not
doesnt=does not wouldnt=would not
: he isnt/ she isnt / it isnt / you arent / we arent / they arent
: he s not / she s not / it s not / you re not / we re not / they re not
