To Have to
The modal verb to have to has the following meanings:
Necessity or obligation due to circumstances (in affirmative and interrogative sentences)
He had to sell his car in order to pay his debts. Did he have to sell his car to pay his debts?
Absence of necessity or permission not to do something (in negative sentences)
He doesn't have to sell his car to pay the money back. ( )
You don't have to tell me everything in detail. ( )
Note 1. This verb is used instead of must when the action refers to the past: As it was late we had to leave.
In object clauses must can remain: The officer reminded us that we must all (we all had to) keep together. (R.A.Close)
Note 2. As a modal verb to have (to) has all the necessary tense-aspect forms and the verbals:
How long have you had to wait for me? Having to live alone, she was not used to receiving guests.
Exercise 24. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. " but I shall have to ask them what the name of the country is, you know. Please, ma'am, is this New Zealand or Australia?" (L.C.) 2. "Bill 's got to go down Here, Bill! The master says you' ve got to go down the chimney!" (L.C.) 3. If you have to take up a hobby, play golf! (N.I.) 4. "She' s got to be a featherweight, you see, because you have to pick her up at the end of the play, after three hours on stage." (N.I.) 5. Louise takes up the story: "Trevor either had to save me and risk the baby or lose us both." (N.I.) 6. Sigrid has also had to cope with the industry's ugliest emotion: jealousy. (N.I.) 7. There still has yet to be a proper examination of British foreign and defense policy since September 11. (D.T.) 8. As he prepared to give away Alexandra, 27, the eldest of his daughters, to Swiss German bicycle racer Görg Muller, 32, Anka says, "I was so choked up, I had to sit down and reflect." (People) 9. In 1982 he (James Irwin) reached the 16,942-foot summit but fell and had to be carried down on horseback. (People) 10. For it has to be admitted, over these last two months, things have not been all they might at Darlington Hall. (K.I.) 11. I would of course have to write to Miss Kenton to tell her I might be passing by. (K.I.) 12. If only we did not have to tell him. If only we could keep the whole thing from him. (D.M.) 13. Aunt Sarah didn't have anything; she had to live with aunt Euphemia and take care of her. (E.Q.) 14. In order to make those repeated poisoning attempts, the poisoner had to be near Euphemia or near her food. (E.Q.) 15. When a trainee got into difficulties, he had to be given the chance to show resourcefulness and sort out the situation unaided. (A.H.) 16. I had to admit that he had me more than half convinced. (C.W.)
Exercise 29. Translate the sentences into English using to have to, must or both.
1. , , . 2. . , . 3. , . 4. , , ? 5. . . 6. , . 7. , . 8. . . 9. , . 10. . 11. . 12. "". 13. . 14. , , , . 15. , . 16. , . 17. , . 18. , , . 19. . ! 20. , , . 21. - . 22. . 23. ? 24. . . 25. . . 26. - .
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To be to
The modal verb to be (to) has the following meanings:
