.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


, .

. . , , 1639. . : " ", " 1639 " " " (1640). . 17 . , , , -. ; 1690 . , 1772 - . . , .

. . . . . 1647, . . . 50 . . . , 18 . , . , , . . 1775 - 83 . . -, . . " " (1776), . " " (1776) " " (1791 - 92), . . . , -, . . (1706 - 90). . 18 - 19 . - . . .

. 19 . . : , , . . , - . : "" (Dj. . Lippincott and Company, 1836), "" (Macmillan, Inc., 1870), " c" (Harper and Brothers, 1817), "" (Appleton and Co, 1838), ". " (Charles Scribner, 1846), . -, . . - ". " (R. R. Bowker Co), ". " (The H. W. Wilson Co) . 1823 120 , 1890 - 4886 . : 23% 1869, 35% - 1900, . . - 19 ., , , . , . , . . - . " " ("International Copyright Law"), 1891, - . . . - . . 90- . 80% . , -, ., . - " " (. 1 - 16, 1858 - 63), - . . .

. 19 . " " . . . "". 70 - 90- . "" . , , (. . ). 1919 - 20 . . " ", " ", " ", " "" ". 1924 - " " (International Publishers Co, Inc.).

. 20 . . : . , , " ". . . . , ., . , . , , , . . , - , . .

, : -, -, - (. , -, . . .). , , . . - -, , , : , , . . - ( ) . -: 1) , ; 2) , - . ; 3) ( -) - ; 4) -, - , , , . -, , - . "" (ITT Publishing), , , . , - "-" (The BobbsMerrill Co, Inc), ". . (G. . Hall and Co).

- . : 1) "" ("tradebooks"), . . , (. -, , , , , .); 2) - ; 3) - ; 4) (" ", "massmarket paperbacks"); 5) , (" ", "mailorder publications"), ("- ", "book-club books"); 6) . . (-, - . .); 7) - (" ", "University-press books") -. , . -; 8) . (" ", "subscription reference books").

70- . . 6,5 . . , - -. 250 -, - . , , . "--" ( Graw-Hill Publications Company - 470 . .), "" (millan, Inc.- 395 . .).

- : "" (Doubleday and Company, Inc., . 1897), "", " " (Random House, Inc., 1927), " " (Harper and Row Publishers, 1817). -: "-- ʰ" (McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1908) - - , , ; ". " (John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1807) "-" (Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1913) - -. -; " " (Van Nostrand Reinhold Co, 1848) - - , , , .; ". " (Charles Scrib-ner's Sons, 1846) - . -; " " (Simon and Schuster, Inc., 1924) - . -, -. - . - - " " (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.), "" (Grolier); ". " (1876) ". " (1838). - - - ", " (Scott, Foresman and Co), - - "-" (Prentice-Hall, Inc.). -. - 1869 -. . " " (Association of American University Press, . 1937) 70 -, - - - - (Harvard University Press). - . . , , . . . - "", - - . -, . ; . . 70- . - .

2- , 30- . - ("" ), . 1977, " y"(Publishers Weekly), 12,5 . . ( 3/4 , ). "", , -, . - "" "", . , . , - , - - " " (Bantam Books, Inc., . 1946; 1977 "", Bertelsmann, Verlagsgruppe Gmbh), "" (Dell Publishing Co, Inc., ""), "" (Fawcett, " ", Columbia Broadcasting Systems), " " (The New American Library, Inc., - "-", The Times Mirror Company), " " (Avon Books, ) - 80% . 70- . - - () (), , : , " " (Simon and Schuster, Inc.) - "" (Pocket-Books), "" (Doubleday and Company, Inc.) - " " (Dell Publishing Co, Inc.), " " (Putnam's Sons) - - " " (Berkley Publishing Corporation).

, - , - . , . - - " " (Government Printing Office, . 1860). - () ( ), , , . , ., . , " ", - "", "" . ; " " .

- . . , , , , . ; , . , "--" (McGrawHill) 13 , , , , , . .; - "-" (Prentice-Hall) - 8 6 , - " " (Business International) - 12 . . . , (, .). . .

- " " (International Publishers Co, Inc.). . , . , . . , . ; , . , , . . -, 80% - . . . - , , .

2- . 70- . . 80,5 . . . - - . ( ., . 34 . .) . (. 17 . .).

. 20 . . . -. 60- . - 1- . 70- . , . . , , , , . 1976 1- . - (16,8%), . - (12,2%), -. - (11,8%), (5,9%), - (4,9%).

, 1976 1968 . : . - - . 30%, - . 20%, - 16 - 17%, - . 30% , , -, . , . . , . -. -. - . . , 3- . , 70- . - "".

. , - - " " (Association of American Publishers, . 1970). 1976 280 . . " " " " -. 1917 , - , , . - .

, - , .

, . , 1900 1991. . : 1900 - 1955 70 %, 1955 1991 3 .

, -: 25 1955 1980 7 , - 4 . , , , 12 , 1000 . , : 1970 1990 . : 14% 27%.

 

- . - , , , . . , -. - (, ', , , ) , . , , .

I960 . , , - .

(, , ', ) . , .

, , . 2-3, 10 , , 4 , 15 .

, : .

, , , . , . , , ,

I960 . . .

, , , , , . , , . , , , . , , .

, - , - . .

. , , : , , , .. , ( , ), . , , , , , , .

, . , , - , , , . , -, - .

, , , -. , , , . . - . , . , , .

, , , , . X ; .

, . , . XIX . XX . - ; - .

. , (, ) , , , , . , .

, . . XX : , - . . , , , . , , , . , . () , . .

, , , - . , , , . - . (, , ', -). - (.. , ) : . - 1950- . .

. , , , : , ' . . - (, ). , . , -. , , . - .

( 220 . .), , , , .

, ( ). 400 , . 2000 , .

, ; . , .

 



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