Factors of cooling in polar and mountain glacial climates and their difference.
The main reason leading to a cooling of the Polar Regions is high latitude, and consequently a low angle of incidence of the suns rays is unable to heat the surface much. While the cold climate in the mountains is caused by high altitude from the sea level, where the atmospheric pressure and the amount of long-wave solar radiation decrease - adiabatic cooling. In the case of a combination of high altitude and high altitude formed an extremely cold climate. A good example is the Antarctica and Greenland.
Direct Factors
For any location on the earth's surface, the temperature is controlled by three overall factors:
Heat transport (heat flux)
Net Radiation: Downwelling short wave, Upward (Reflected) short wave, Downwelling Longwave, Upward (Emitted) Longwave, Surface Albedo
The amount of aerosols in the air has direct effect on the amount of solar radiation hitting the Earth's surface. Aerosols may have significant local or regional impact on temperature. Water vapour is a greenhouse gas, but at the same time the upper white surface of clouds reflects solar radiation back into space. Albedo - reflections of solar radiation from surfaces on the Earth - creates difficulties in exact calculations. If e.g. the polar icecap melts, the albedo will be significantly reduced. Open water absorbs heat, while white ice and snow reflect it.
Heat storage (heat capacity)
Water phase changes
Indirect Factors
Latitude: Latitude is the most important climatic control, due to the effect it has on the amount of solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. The seasonal changes in incoming solar radiation, as well as the length of the day, vary with latitude. The amount of sunlight hitting the Earth's surface is affected by the tilt of the Earth and its atmosphere.
The poles receive much less than the tropics, but not during all months of the year. Most of the solar radiation reaching the surface in polar regions is reflected back due to the high albedos of snow and ice.
Surface Type: high albedo of snow and ice-covered polar terriitory and glaciers in the mountains helps to maintain a low temperature.
Elevation: Elevation influences air temperature (since temperatures usually decrease with height by about 6.5C per 1000 m.) Therefore, higher elevation locations are generally colder than lower elevation locations throughout the year, assuming that latitude and other climate control factors are the same.
Temperature declines with elevation due to the decrease in atmospheric pressure that occurs as height above sea level increases. In general, higher elevations surfaces will be colder due to adiabatic cooling of air parcels and decreased downward longwave radiation.
Clouds: Clouds decrease downward short wave radiation and increase downward longwave radiation. The result is cooler days and summers, and warmer nights and winters.
Local Topography (due to the combination of elevation and local topographic effects, high valleys tend to have the coldest temperatures in a region)
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Continentality
Synoptic Activity
Oroclimatic base of the mountain glaciations and its factors (RU)
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