, .
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| Neoclassical economists simplified many broad categories of market phenomena. | |
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| Neoclassical economics is considered to be a school of thought. | ||
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| Neoclassical economics began when economists from Austria, France and England met. | ||
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| Neoclassical economics subschools have the same leader. |
,
, .
All the subschools of Neoclassical economics paid great attention to the analysis of
|
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| coordinating features of market processes in terms of plans and subjective evaluations | |
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| continuity with the past achievements of the classical school | ||
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| the mathematical conditions under which all markets could be in equilibrium | ||
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| the importance of economizing action in shaping economic institutions in the market |
,
N 27
, :
What caused the beginning of neoclassical economics?
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| Marginalist revolution did. | |
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| Classical economics did. | ||
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| The school of thought did. | ||
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| The general equilibrium school did. |
, .
|
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| Various subschools of neoclassical economics are amalgamated by the ideas of marginalist revolution, individual choice and subjective evaluations, and coordinating features of market processes. | |
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| Neoclassical economics is a loose amalgam of subschools of thought, each revolving around such acknowledged masters as Alfred Marshall in England, Leon Walras in France, and Carl Menger in Austria. | ||
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| Neoclassical economics reduced many broad categories of market phenomena to considerations of individual choice and suggested that the science of economics could be firmly grounded on the basic individual act. | ||
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| The Cambridge school organized by Alfred Marshall isa variant of neoclassical economics that stressed continuity with the past achievements of the classical school. |
N 29 : .
| RockwayApartments Northtown, MI 22221 | ||
|
| 10 October 2008 | ||
|
| Dept. Of English Idaho State College Boise, ID 99999 | ||
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| Dear Prof. Green: | ||
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| Thank you for your invitation to the conference. We appreciate your care and consideration. | ||
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| Yours sincerely, | ||
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| A. Springer |
, N 30
:
.
, .
|
| the sender | ||
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| the town the letter comes from | ||
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| the country the letter comes from | ||
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| the addressees house number | ||
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| the town in the mailing address | ||
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| the country in the mailing address |
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|
|
:
, .
:
N 31
: , -, -, -, ,
, .
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|
| Resume | |
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| Memo | ||
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| Advertising letter | ||
| Inquiry Letter |
:
, .
N 32
: , , ( )
, :
| From | ||
| 10 April | ||
| Subject | ||
| [email protected] |
N 1
:
At the end of program of instruction the teacher must _______ its results before moving to the next cycle of teaching events.
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| assess | |
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| acquire | ||
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| develop | ||
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| apply |
N 2
:
The company made a public _______ that the prices would decrease.
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| announcement | |
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| advertisement | ||
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| appointment | ||
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| broadcast |
, N 3
:
If you cant pay the whole sum of money for the product immediately you can use a ______ payment.
|
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| deferred | |
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| advance | ||
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| interest | ||
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| prompt |
N 4
: ()
The difference between the buying and selling price of goods is
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| a profit margin | |
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| cost | ||
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| a balance | ||
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| equilibrium |
N 5
:
She was so ________ that she lost all her money at the casino.
|
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| unlucky | |
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| luck | ||
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| lucky | ||
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| luckily |
N 6
:
She gave him _______ water to wash his hands and face.
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| a little | |
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| many | ||
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| few | ||
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| a few |
N 7
:
Out of all the students in my music school, I practise
|
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| most often | |
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| more often | ||
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| the most often | ||
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| often |
N 8
:
The Russian people _______ invincible.
|
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| is | |
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| dont | ||
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| can | ||
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| becoming |
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|
,, N 9
:
St. Bernard dogs are named after a monastery high up in
|
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| the Alps | |
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| a Alps | ||
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| an Alps | ||
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| Alps |
N 10
:
They discussed, ________ other things, recent events in Europe.
|
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| among | |
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| between | ||
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| by | ||
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| at |
N 11
:
Children are allowed to use the swimming pool _______ they are with an adult.
|
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| provided | |
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| in spite of the fact that | ||
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| though | ||
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| unless |
N 12
:
By the time we all returned from holiday father and Bob _______ redecorating the kitchen.
|
|
| had finished | |
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| finished | ||
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| has finished | ||
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| have finished |
, N 13
:
Most of Shakespeares plays _______ in London.
|
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| were written | |
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| have been writing | ||
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| were being written | ||
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| wrote |
N 14
:
Would you be so kind as _______ me move the sofa?
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| to help | |
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| help | ||
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| helping | ||
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| being helped |
N 15
:
I hope nobody disturbs me; my favourite television programme will be ______ in five minutes.
|
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| off | |
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| out | ||
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| away | ||
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| in |
N 16
:
I bought everything we need yesterday so I ________ go shopping today.
|
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| dont have to | |
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| mustnt | ||
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| shouldnt | ||
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| ought not to |
N 17
:
, .
A: Many happy returns of the day, Mary! Heres your birthday present.
B: __________________.
|
|
| Thanks a lot. Im very grateful to you! | |
|
| Thank you. The same to you. | ||
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| Thank you very much. My congratulations! | ||
|
| Thanks awfully. Its my birthday today! |
N 18
: -
, .
Manager: Your promotion has been declined.
Employee: _______________.
|
|
| Sorry to hear that, but thank you for the information. | |
|
| You must be kidding me. | ||
|
| Dont say that! | ||
|
| But I work so hard. |
, N 19
: -
, .
Dean: _________________.
Teacher (subordinate): So am I.
|
|
| Glad to see you! | |
|
| I didnt expect to meet you here. | ||
|
| Oh, its you. | ||
|
| Whats new? |
N 20
: -
, .
Agent: British Railways. Can I help you?
Customer: ______________.
|
|
| Good afternoon. Can you give me the times of fast trains to Edinburgh, please? | |
|
| Look! I want to know the times of fast trains to Edinburgh. | ||
|
| Hi, I need some info about the times of fast trains to Edinburgh. | ||
|
| Hi. Can I buy two tickets to this performance? |
N 21
:
The largest city in Britain which will host the Summer Olympics in 2012 is
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| London | |
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| Manchester | ||
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| Sheffield | ||
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| Glasgow |
N 22
:
As the Americans are made up from nearly all races and nations the USA is often called the
|
|
| melting pot | |
|
| cosmopolitan race | ||
|
| multinational place | ||
|
| mixture point |
, N 23
:
Canadas official national sport in summer is
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| lacrosse | |
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| golf | ||
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| football | ||
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| volleyball |
N 24
: -
An American civil rights leader who fought through nonviolent action is
|
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| Martin Luther King | |
|
| John Kennedy | ||
|
| Thomas Paine | ||
|
| Henry Ford |
N 25
:
.
Channels of Marketing
1. Individual consumers and corporate buyers are aware that thousands of goods and services are available through a very large number of diverse channel outlets. What they may not be well aware of is the fact that the channel structure, or the set of institutions, agencies, and establishments through which the product must move to get to them, can be amazingly complex.
2. Usually, institutions specializing in manufacturing, wholesaling, retailing, and many other areas join forces in marketing channel arrangements to make possible the delivery of goods to industrial users or customers and to final consumers. The same is true for the marketing of services. For example, in the case of health care delivery, hospitals, laboratories, insurance companies, and drugstores combine efforts in an organized channel arrangement to ensure the delivery of a critical service.
3. Therefore, marketing channels can be viewed as sets of interdependent organizations involved in the process of making a product or service available for use or consumption. Not only do marketing channels satisfy demand by supplying goods and services at the right place, quantity, quality, and price, but they also stimulate demand through the promotional activities of the units (e.g., retailers, manufacturers' representatives, sales offices, and wholesalers) comprising them.
4. The major focus of marketing channel management is on delivery. Producers of goods (including manufacturers of industrial and consumer goods, legislators, educational administrators and insurance companies) are individually capable of generating only form or structural utility for their products.
, .
|
|
| Many business partners coordinate their efforts to make possible the delivery of goods. | |
|
| Channels of marketing are of less importance and effectiveness in health care delivery. | ||
|
| Legislators are the only organizations that do not use the channels of marketing. | ||
|
| The only aim of marketing channels is to supply goods and services. |
,
.
Marketing channels raise demand through the joint efforts of
|
|
| retailers, wholesalers and sales offices | |
|
| hospitals, laboratories, insurance companies | ||
|
| legislators, educational administrators and insurance companies | ||
|
| retailers, insurance companies and legislators |
, :
What does the structure of channel outlets consist of?
|
|
|
|
|
| It consists of establishments through which the goods are delivered to consumers. | |
|
| It consists of a number of individual consumers and organized buyers. | ||
|
| It consists of a set of hospitals, laboratories, insurance companies, and drugstores. | ||
|
| It consists of legislators, educational administrators and insurance companies. |
