, , : .
, .
:
Const
=;
1. , , .
2. , .
3. , .
4. , .
5. False, True.
6. . , .
:
Const
:=;
7. :
| Pi | Real | 3.1415926536 | 
|
| True | Boolean | True | |
| False | Boolean | False | |
| Maxint | Integer |
:
Const
A=2; {}
B=2.35; {}
St=g; {}
R=!; {}
Year:Integer=2005; {}
. . . , - .
:
Var
:;
, , , .
-
. .
| , | |||
| Byte | 0..255 | ||
| ShortInt | -128..127 | ||
| Word | 0..65535 | ||
| Integer | -32768..32767 | ||
| LongInt | -2147483648.. 2147483647 |
(Boolean). False True.
(Char). . ASCII (American Standart Code for Information Interchange ).
|
|
|
. , . , .
:
Type
_=_;
Var
: _;
:
Type
Colors=(black, red, white);
Var Col:colors;
:
Var
Col:(black, white, green);
-. - , , -. - :
_.. _
:
Type
Digit=0..9;
Dig2=48..57;
Var
D1:Digit;
D2:Dig2;
- . :
Var
Date:1..31;
Month:1..12;
. , .
| , | - | |||
| Real | 11..12 | -39..38 | ||
| Single | 7..8 | -45..38 | ||
| Double | 15..16 | -324..308 | ||
| Extended | 19..20 | -4932..4932 | ||
| Comp | 10..20 | -2*1063+1.. 2*1063-1 |
:
Var
Min:Real;
4 :
1) , not ; @ ;
2) * (), mod ( ), div ( ), / (), and ( ""), shl , shr ;
3) : + (), (), or ( ""), xor ( "");
4) : = (), <> ( ), > (), < (), >= ( ), <= ( ), in ( ).
:
F:=2*sin(x)+3/sqrt(1+x*x);
(div) , . , .
(mod) , .
:
11 div 5 = 2; 2 div 3=0;
11 mod 5=1; 14 mod 5=4
| A | B | |||
| not | Not A | True False | False True | |
| and | A and B | True True False False | True False True False | True False False False |
| or | A or B | True True False False | True False True False | True True True False |
| xor | A xor B | True True False False | True False True False | False True True False |
(shl, shr):
|
|
|
i shl j i j ; ( 1 i 2);
i shr j i j ; ( 1 i 2).
, . .
:
abs(x) | x |,
arctan(x) arctg x,
cos(x) cos x,
exp(x) ex,
int(x) x,
frac(x) x,
ln(x) ln x,
sin(x) sin x,
sqr(x) x 2,
sqrt(x) 
,
Random , 0..1;
Random(x) , 0.. x- 1;
Randomize .
, :
Pred (S) , S;
Succ (S) , S;
Odd (I) , True, I , False, I .
:
Round(x) x, , ;
Trunc(x) x, x 
0, x, x <0. ;
Chr(i) , i.
Ord(s) s , s.
:
Round(3.7); 4
Round(-46.317) 46
Trunc(3.7); 3
, :
Dec(i) I ( i:=i-1);
Inc(i) I ( i:=i+1);
Hi(i) ( byte word);
Lo(i) ( byte word);
Swap(i) .
, :
Chr(I) , I;
UpCase(ch) .
, -:
High(x) -, x;
Low(x) -.
-
- 4 : Read, ReadLn, Write, WriteLn.
Read , , .. . :
Read (X1,X2,,Xn);
X1, X2, , Xn .
X1,,Xn . Read Enter. .
Read, , .. Read Read , , .
.
| Var A,B: Integer; C,D: Real; Begin Read (A,C); Read (B,D); End. | : 25 2.34<Enter> 451 25.685<Enter> |
ReadLn Read, , ReadLn ReadLn . Read ReadLn:
|
|
|
| Var A,B: Integer; C,D: Real; Begin ReadLn (A,C); ReadLn (B,D); End. | : 25 2.34 <Enter> 451 25.685 <Enter> |
Write , , . :
Write (Y1,,Yn);
Y1,,Yn , , , , . .
:
Write (I); 134 134
Write (I:5); 134 _ _134
( 5 . ).
Write (R); 715.342 _ _7.153420000E+02
Write (R:12); 46.78 4.678000E+01
( 12 ).
Write (R:6:2); 46.78 _46.78
( 6 , 2 . ).
Write (CH); 'X' X
Write (CH:4); 'X' _ _ _X
Write (S); '!' !
Write (S:10); '!' _ _ _!
Write (B); True True
Write (B:6); True _ _True
WriteLn Write, WriteLn . WriteLn, , .
:
Write ('A=',A:3);
WriteLn ('_C=',C:3);
WriteLn ('D=',D:6:2);
A=_23_C=_34
D=_ _3.24
, . .
2 : .
, , . , , . , . 3 :
,
,
.
, :
;
;
;
- ;
- .
1. , , , .
:
:=;
:
;
;
;
, .
. . :
1. .
2. () , , :
Var
k:Integer;
Begin
Byte(k); { k }
|
|
|
End.
:
, , , ;
, ( ).
2. Goto. , . . Goto , , - , .
:
Goto ;
:
Label
_;
Goto :
1. , , , , , .
2. , .
3. .
:
Goto met1;
met1: ;
Goto . .
3. . , , . (;).
:
Goto m7;
...
m7:;
4. , begin end. , .
:
begin
1;
N;
nd;
5. , . : If Case.
If. :
If then _1
else _2; { }
If then ; { }
If, If. . . . .
, _1, _2. , , , If.
If If. :
If then
If then 1
else 2;
else then, .
:
If ((A>B) and (C<D)) then
If (Z>=X) then Writeln ('')
else Writeln (' ')
else WriteLn ('');
Case If . , , , ( ). If, Else, . :
ase - of
_1: _1;
_2: _2;
...
_N: _N
else
end;
Case , -. , Case , nd, , Else.
- . , .
:
Case X of {- }
1,2,3: A:=B+C;
4: A:=B-C;
5..9: A:=B*C
|
|
|
else A:=B/C
end;
Case CH of {- }
'A'.. 'z': WriteLn (' ');
'0'.. '9': WriteLn (' ')
end;
6. . , . , For, , Repeat While.
For . :
For _:=_ to _ do
;
For _:=_ downto _ do
;
. For , .
, . , . Forto , Fordownto .
. 0 100.
Program DemoFor;
Var
I, Sum: Integer;
Begin
Sum:=0;
For i:=0 to 100 do
Sum:=Sum+I;
WriteLn (' ',Sum);
End.
repeat (Repeat), (Until).
:
Repeat
_1;
...
_n;
Until ;
. , Repeat Until, . , . False, , True .
Repeat :
;
False;
Begin...End.
. 0 100.
Program DemoRepeat;
Var
I, Sum: Integer;
Begin
I:=3;
Sum:=3;
Repeat
Sum:=Sum+I;
I:=I+2;
Until (I>100);
WriteLn (' ',Sum);
End.
While Repeat, .
:
While do ;
, . . True, . False, While . False, .
For, While, Repeat , .. .
. 0 100.
Program DemoWhile;
Var
I, Sum: Integer;
Begin
I:=2;
Sum:=0;
While (i<=100) do
Begin
Sum:=Sum+I;
I:=I+2;
end;
WriteLn (' ',Sum);
End.
7. . - Continue, Break.
Continue , , Continue.
 Repeat
;
 Continue;
;
Until ;
|  While do
begin
;
Continue;
;
end;
| For i:=1 to N do begin ; Continue; ; end; |
Break , .
Repeat
;
 Break;
;
Until ;
;
| While do
begin
;
 Break;
;
end;
;
| For i:=1 to N do begin ; Break; ; end; ; |
