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. , 1-2, 2-3 3-1. max, , 400, Tmin= 300. ... . ... , ?
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max = 400
Tmin = 300
___________
P-V:
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2-3, : .
3-1, : .
, max = T2, Tmin = T1.
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1- 1, 1
.. .-., | .., .. . -.,2006. 640 . | . / . .. /.-., 1989 | |||
2.8,3.12,3.26,2.58() | 5, 17* | ||||
1.46, 2.31 | 2.38, 3.49 | 3, 14* | |||
3.19(2), 3.47 | 4.45, 6.9 | 1, 11* | |||
2.36,3.28, 5.12 | 4.49 | 2, 13* | |||
1.29, 2.7, 3.27,4.65 | 7, 19* | ||||
2.67, 3.4, 3.39 | 4.64 | 6, 20* | |||
1.15, 2.3, 4.52, 5.14 | 9, 16* | ||||
1.8, 3.7, 3.25, 2.61 | 8, 18* | ||||
1.41,2.60, 3.21 | 3.20(1) | 10, 15* | |||
1.24, 2.3, 2.38 | 3.21 | 4, 12* | |||
2.60, 3.33, 2.41 | 4.21 | 21, 33* | |||
3.30(1), 2.70, 2.74, | 4.25 | 22, 31* | |||
3.24, 2.78 | 3.7, 4.46 | 23, 34* | |||
1.44 | 3.34, 2.59, 2.75 | 24, 43* | |||
2.36 | 2.77, 3.23, 3.30(2) | 25, 38* | |||
1.57, 2.94 | 2.76, 3.22 | 26, 37 * | |||
1.61, 3.13 | 2.80, 4.24 | 27, 30* | |||
1.25, 2.84, 3.30(3), 4.26 | 28, 39* | ||||
1.24, 2.84, 3.30(1), 3.45 | 32, 41* | ||||
2.18, 2.83, 3.46, 4.34 | 35, 42* | ||||
3.8, 3.53 | 1.26, 4.25 | 36, 40* | |||
3.12(), 3.55 | 1.21, 3.30 | 29, 44* | |||
* | 23 | 2.92, 3.11(1) | 1.29, 4.30 | 46, 51 | |
24 | 2.91, 3.11(2) | 1.28, 4.28 | 47, 52 | ||
25 | 2.90, 3.16 | 1.48, 4.29 | 45, 53 | ||
26 | 2.89, 3.37 | 1.30, 4.26 | 48, 50 | ||
27 | 3.32 | 3.4, 3.37, 4.24 | 49, 54 |
1. , (..)? ? ?
2. u(t), s(t) ( .1)
?
.1
3. . :
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4. , R. - -, . ) , , t < t = ; ) ?
5. , : ) , ) ?
6. . . ? .
7. , , ? ? ?
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8. m V ( .2). ( ) . . , .
.2
9. ? F(S) ? .
10. : .
? ?
11. m? ? ? .
12. . , ?
13. . ? ? .
14. , . . ? ( , ).
15. , . , ? .
16. m2, , m1 ( .3). , ? a.
.3
17. , U=5 . , ? , ?
18. ? .
19. . . .
20. ? , .
21. . ( ). ?
22. . , : ) ; ) ; ) ?
23. ? , , , .
24. . , ?
25. . , .
26. x=0+at3, y=0-bt, a, b-const. , : ) ; ) . t?
27. ( .4). , F. k. ? ? , . .4
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28. , . ? ? , F, .5? .5
29. , , ? ?
30. U, ÑU : ) ; ) .
31. , : ) ; ) , . U(r), Fr(r).
32. , 1 2 U1=5 U2=5,1 . r=1 . : ) , 1 2; ) , ?
33. : ) ; ) ? U(x,y,z).
34. , , m1= m2.
35. , m1 m2. : ) ; ) .
36. , m1 m2. : ) m1>> m2; ) m1<< m2.
37. ? ? ?
38. , , . .
, 180. ? .
39. . , ?
40. , , , , , , . : ) ; ) (, )J? ? ( ).
41. m R , . , , . : ) ; ) ; ) ?
42. ( ) ? .
43. mv0, , α. ? , . . .
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44. . . ? .
45. , , , ? .
46. : ) J, ) M . ? M J .
47. ? .
48. . , ? , r<<R, r , R .
49. m ( .6). J. r, R. . . .6
50. ? ? , .
51. r R ( .7) , m1 m2. J. . .
.7
52. W r .8. ? ? ? .
.8
53. , , : (). ? , ? .
54. m0 (m0 0), . .
2- 2, 2
.., .. . -.,2006. 640 . | .. .-., 1990 | . ./ . .. /.-., 1989 | |||
11-26, 11-54 | 5-21, 5-93 | ||||
10-50,11-27 | 5-87, 5-52 | ||||
11-28, 11-71 | 5-4, 5-51 | ||||
10-63 | 5-6, 5-81, 5-106, 5-223 | ||||
10-8,11-32 | 5-84, 5-29 | ||||
11-4,11-20 | 5-9 | 9-33 | |||
10-7, 11-35 | 5-196, 5-22 | ||||
11-2 | 8-13,8-36, 9-1 | ||||
9-27, 11-63 | 5-41, 5-155 | 8-37,9-2,9-31 | |||
11-39 | 8-21,9-35,9-44 | ||||
11-55 | 5-62, 5-76, 5-219 | ||||
11-34 | 5-77, 5-94, 5-220 | ||||
11-57 | 5-22, 5-80, 5-221 | ||||
11-44,11-58 | 5-29 | 8-32 | |||
10-11,11-46, 11-59 | 5-228 | ||||
5-16, 5-166, 5-229 | 8-28 | ||||
11-67 | 8-11, 9-16,9.47 | ||||
10-26 | 5-168, 5-178, 5-230 | ||||
10-36, 11-74 | 5-180, 5-203 | ||||
10-18, 11-73 | 9-35,9-38 | ||||
5-197, 5-57, 5-194, 5-230 | |||||
5-89, 5-56, 5-189, 5-231 | |||||
* | 11-75 | 5-169 | 8-28, 9-48 | ||
5-199, 5-229 | 9-49 | ||||
5-204 | 8-13,8-40, 9-24 | ||||
10-14 | 5-207, 5-219 | 9-26 | |||
10-25 | 5-214, 5-231 | 8-10 |
.1 NA, r , , .
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.2 , ~ ?
.3 ~n<W>. n <W>? .
.4 ? ?
.5 : ) 1+2=; ) U1+U2=U; ) Cv1+Cv2=Cv.
.6 DU=Cvn(T2-T1) : ) ; ) ?
7 , . . . -V-.
8. Q? .
9. , g ? ?
10. V1 V2 : ) =1; ) =2(1>2). , .
11. , .
12. , u u=u/u, u . ?
13. : ) ; ) ?
14. .1 ? .
.1
15. .2 ( ) . ? . ? .2
16. - . , ?
17. , . , . , . ? ? ? ? , V .
18. A B ( .3) , D. : ) ; ) ? ?
.3
19. : ) ; ) . . , , .
.
20. -S-, , 1 2.
21. , .4, .
.4
: ) ; ) ?
22. : ) ; ) ; ) . . ?
23. , , , ?
24. ? , f() , .
25. ? , ?
26. ? , ?
27. 1 2 ( .5) , 3. . , .
.5
3 3, 3
.., .. . -.,2006. 640 . | .. .-., 1990 | . . / . .. /.-., 1989 | |||
14-10,15-55, 17-10, 21-15, 23-9 | 11-44, 11-65 | 1,28* | |||
14-50,17-16,19-12, 25-1, 22-25 | 17-22 | 2,31* | |||
14-11, 17-19, 19-13, 21-19, 23-13, 25-4 | 17-25 | 3,29* | |||
15-37,17-21, 19-19,22-14,23-14 | 11-64, 11-41 | 4,32* | |||
14-38, 15-54, 19-31 | 11-3, 11-37, 11-9 | 16.42 | 7,30* | ||
18-10 | 9-13, 9-96, 11-71 | 13-25, 16-45, 17-30 | 5,33* | ||
21-17, 23-20 | 9-81 | 12-44, 14-11, 15-11, 17-36 | 6,36* | ||
14-49,22-27, 24-14 | 9-79,9-106, 11-22, 11-76 | 8,37* | |||
14.50, 15.56, 25-3 | 9-107,10-42 | 16-13, 17-41 | 9,35* | ||
22-8, 23-3, 25-2 | 9-81 | 15-35, 16-33, 17-42 | 10,34* | ||
14-52,15-61,19-15,21-31(),25-1(1) | 11-42, 11-68 | 11,38* | |||
14-17,14-53,15-48, 19-16,23-15 | 11-43, 11-49 | 15,40* | |||
14-13,15-40,17-24, 20-2, 21-31() | 11-45, 11-50 | 13,39* | |||
14-18,15-18, 15-45,19-24,23-27 | 11-49, 11-56 | 14,42* | |||
15-20,18-11,15-47,19-32,21-30 | 9-19,11-47,11-57 | 17,41* | |||
14-16, 18-7, 19-33, 21-31() | 9-32, 9.87, 11-53 | 16,43* | |||
14-26, 15-57, 19-34, 23-38 | 13-32, 17.47,16-44 | 19,44* | |||
14-54, 15-67, 23-23, 24-19 | 12-40,14-20,15-9 | 18, 47* | |||
22-11, 24-18 | 9-90, 9.119 | 11-32,12-23,15-17 | 12,48* | ||
22-10, 23-24 | 9.41 | 11-45,13-31,14-21,15-20 | 22,46* | ||
22-18, 24-21 | 11-20(), 11-57 | 15-17, 14-26, 12-17 | 20,49* | ||
23-22,24-7 | 11-19() | 15-14,13-32,11-42,17-4 | 21,45* | ||
* | 14-8, 14-56, 15-64 | 11-84 | 15.29,17-17,17-28 | 24,52 | |
14-47, 18-19; 22-20,23-33 | 13.29, 15.19,1-48 | 26,50 | |||
16-9; 18-17; 19-36,22-34,23-40 | 12.41; 13.41; | 23,51 | |||
16-19,22-36,23-27,24-7,24-24 | 12.42; 13.45; | 25,53 | |||
15-68; 19-36,22-38, 23-34 | 13.41,17-21,17-31 | 27,54 |
.1 F. , , .1? , ; - , ?
.1
.2 , . , : ) ; ) .
.3 r q1 q2. S . , , . S ? . ( .2).
.2
.4 . : 1) ; 2) , ? .
.5 .
.6 . , R ( ), h. , ?
.7 , S, r1 r2, ( .3). I. , r1 > r2. .3
.8 r0 , R, >>R>r0. j r , I . j(r).
.9 <u> n=1029 -3 j=100 /2. <u> .
.10 , : : =3:2:1 ( .4). , 1 2. j() 1-2. .
.4
.11 , .5? .
.5
.12 . ? .
.13 .6 , +2 - . , , , . , ? , .
.6
.14 , , , , .7, . Ex=const, Ez , , .
.7
.15 , .8. q, 1, 2. , , , , q(E2-E1)? . .8
.16 +q q q ( .9). .
.9
. . . .
.17 , ( .10), . ?
.10
.18 , , .11. , : 1) ? 2) e2
e1? .11
.19 , . j . . ?
.20 , .12. , , ? .
.12
.21 ( .13). ; R(l), l . l ? .13
.22 , R1 R2 r. . I. . .
.23 : , . , . , . R<<d .
.24 , , .14, . , . U(R). R/r 0,1%? .14
.25 . q1=3×10-5 q2=15×10-5 r=1 , . .
, , , . . ? ? .
.26 .15 () , . =0 j1(0)=j2(0). . = , 1, . .15
.27 , . , , - , , , . .