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, (moral hazard). , , ~ 90 % , , , , , . , , , .. fraud, . , , . fraud , .

, (. 6) , , . .

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. , 9.00 18.00. , , 9.00, , , .

, . , . . , , . , . , . , .

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, . , , . , , . . , , , . , , .

, , . . : , , , , 500 $. - , . , , . - - .

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. . , , , , . .. , - . , , , .

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, , , . , , , . , , , . , , , ( ), . . , . , , , .

, .

moral hazard . , , 0, . , - . , , . , .

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.

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, , , 2-2,5 , , , . - - . , , - . , , 5000 . . 300 ( - ). , . , , , - , , , , , .

Volvo driver problem. , . Volvo , Volvo driver. , , , Pontiac Fire-bird Chevrolet Camaro, , - Volvo. . : , Volvo, , . : Volvo , .

-, , , .

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1. , , , . - , . - , . , .

2. , . , . , , . , 2-3 . , , .

3. . , , . , - .

, , case study: The U.S. Savings and Loan Crisis .

Savings and Loan associations (S&Ls) - , . - 1000. S&Ls , , , . , S&Ls . - , . .. mortgage contract. , , , ( -) . , S&Ls .

S&Ls ( , ) 2/3 - ! , 70- . Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation (FSLIC), , 40 . $, , , 100 . $. , S&L 200 . $, S&L, 100 . $. , 100 . $ - , 10 . $ . 100 . $ - . S&Ls 90- . 80- - 90- .?

, 70- - 80- ., S&Ls - residential mortgages (, ). , commercial mortgage (, , ), , residential mortgage - , . . , , , .

80- . S&Ls residential mortgages :

o corporate estate (, );

    • junk bonds ( ).

Junk bonds - ( 30 %, ) . : , , , , . , , , , . , .

- ( !) c S&Ls residential mortgages corporate estate junk bonds. commercial real estate market, 80- . residential mortgages, - , , . , 15 % S&Ls , ( ). , 5-10 , S&Ls . S&Ls junk bonds - . , , junk bonds .

, 90- . 500 (.. ) S&Ls . FSLIC 30 % . , , 15 . , , . .

S&Ls:

o low capital requirements ( ), 3 %;

    • .

( - , S&Ls!) ?

S&Ls residential mortgages, . , , . S&Ls . S&Ls , . ! . S&Ls . Savings. - , .. , .

, , ( ), . , S&Ls - . , , S&Ls , , G.P. Morgan, . , , , -, ( ). -, , , , 20-30 %, 20-30 % (, ). , . S&Ls.

, , .

S&Ls full authority to invest, .. , . , , , , 10 . - - .

S&Ls . , : Safe model Risky model.

Safe model , 110 % , - (.. 100 %). Risky model , , , 125 % ( ), - 65 %. ( ) 50 50.

0. , , .

- S&Ls own capital 3 %.

1. Description of Investment Opportunities

Safe Risky

Initial outlay 100 100

High return 110 125

probability.50.50

Low return 100 65

probability.50.50

Expected return (gross) 105 95

Expected return (net) 5 - 5

 

S&Ls ? Net return , Risky investment lemon investment, .. , , , ( lemon car). Lemon investment , , . , Safe investment. ?

2. Analysis of Safe Investment

Depositors Owners FSLIC Total

Initial outlay 97 3 0 100

High return (gross) 97 13 0 110

Low return (gross) 97 3 0 100

Expected return (gross) 97 8 0 105

Expected return (net) 0 5 0 5

 

3. Analysis of Risky Investment

Depositors Owners FSLIC Total

Initial outlay 97 3 0 100

High return (gross) 97 28 0 125

Low return (gross) 97 0 - 32 65

Expected return (gross) 97 14 - 16 95

Expected return (net) 0 11 - 16 - 5

 

, 97 %, interest rate 0, S&L. , safe.

3. FSLIC 97 %, 3 %. , 0, .. FSLIC (. 1). FSLIC 2. 32 ( 3) S&L S&Ls . S&L 97 % , 3 % ( ). .. 35 %. 3 % S&L, ( ). (32 %) , 32 % . .. S&L : 3 % , , , , .

Expected return. S&Ls? 125 50 % = 62,5; 97 50 % = 48,5. , 62,5 + 48,5 = 111. .. Risky investment 111. , net 11, gross - 14. , 11 , 5 (. 2). , S&Ls , , , . ( , S&Ls .)

, , , . , . , S&Ls fraud, .. , : , ; , , S&Ls , .., .. ( .) S&Ls .

o

, - . , .

I. ,

() employee shirking - , . , , , , .

.

time holes ( ), . holes . , on the job consumption ( ).

, . , . , , , , , . . , , , , , , , , ..

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shirking, ? ( , ). . , , . ?

employee shirking (Entfremdung der Arbeit), ( - ). , , . - , . , . , , ? :

à à

, , , , .. , . , , , , , , . :

o , , , , ;

    • , , , , , ( ).

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, , , - . - , . , , - , , , - , . . , , .

-, , . , , , !.. , , .

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(team work): . . , , , , 25 , , . , , - .

: . , , , . .., , - , , , - , , , ( ). , , , , - .

, , . free riding, moral hazard. free riding - . free riding , .

- . , , . , free rider , , . - . . - , . free riding. free riding , , , , . , . 10 , , , . , , . . , , , .

, free riding , . , . free riding , , . , , - . , , . .. free riding .

shirking , , , , by proxy (), .

, . . , , . , - . ( ) . , , , -, , -, , . , - , , . , , , , .

. , , .. , , . 15 - 20 . - . - . , , .

.

shirking :

o , .. , ;

    • , .. , , , ( ), ..; , ;
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, 0, - 100 %, 25 %. 10 % . , , , , 1/3. , :

o , ;

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: 25 %, - 0, (90 %) (10 %). . , . , , . , - , . , , ?

, 10 % - . , , () , . , 5 % . , 5 %, , , Ford Mondeo, Opel Cadet, .

, , (risk-lovers), , (risk-neutral people), , (risk-averse people). - , . , . - risk-taker. - , . , , (lending), , , ; , (borrowing), , .

, , . , , . 5-10 % ( ), , . , , . , . , , . , , , , , .

- . , . . , 5000 , , . , , , , . . , . , . , . - , , , . .

II. ,

(Adolf A. Berle) (Gardner C. Means), . (1932) , . , , , - ( , ). , .

, . , . . (Robert L. Heilbroner), , , . - XX . , manager misbehavior ( ).

moral hazard .

1. .

2. .

3. , .

4. (take-overs).

1. .

( ). , .. . . , , , , . , . . , , . , . , . , , . , . , - .

2. .

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3. , .

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, . ? ? -, , - , . ? (take-overs) , -, (net performance), , . , , , - (, )! , , , , .

4. (take-overs).

take-overs ? , , . , take-overs . : 10 1977 1986 . , shareholders , 346 . $ 10 % 10 . 20-25 % . 346 . $ ! ? .. take-overs - , .

.. poison pills ( ). ( , ), take-over - n- . , - take-over, take-over, poison pills . , . , . (commitment) , , . , poison pills , . (, , ).

.

- , , , . , , (51 %) , , . , , .., , - , . .

, , . ., . , . . , , ( , ). - , - , . - , , . , , ( ), , , , , . -.

, , , . , .

 



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