Part-time jobs for American students are very popular and usually begin during their high school days. Besides working in fast food restaurants and small cafeterias, a very popular job for a teenager in America is baby sitting. This has its greatest appeal among teenage girls and a good baby sitter can earn quite a bit if she is reliable, responsible and mature.
It is not necessarily an easy job and requires both social skills and general competence. Such a job often involves working on Friday and Saturday nights when many married couples like to spend the night going to a movie or the theatre.
Other part-time jobs which are popular especially among young boys is managing a paper route or mowing the lawns of people in one's neighbourhood. These jobs also require a sense of responsibility and can be a source of good income for a high school student. Young boys who run paper routes are required to get up early in the morning to deliver the daily news regardless of the weather. This job has no holidays and requires the newspaper to be delivered every day without exception. In America there are no newspaper holidays.
Part-time jobs for high schools students in America are often seen as an opportunity to teach young people about work responsibility and respect for others. The young people learn how to become part of the adult world and to share in the making of society.
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| . . : - , , ; - ; - . | You friend phones you to congratulate on your birthday though it is late. You had a party on this occasion. Tell him/her: - how many guests came to you, who they were and where the party took place; - who helped you to prepare for the party; - what you were presented. |
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TEST 1: 1d, 2b, 3d, 4b, 5c, 6c, 7c, 8b, 9a, 10b
TEST 2: 1a, 2b, 3d, 4b, 5b, 6b, 7c, 8c, 9b, 10c
TEST 3: 1b, 2d, 3d, 4d, 5a, 6d, 7c, 8b, 9b, 10c
TEST 4: 1b, 2d, 3c, 4c, 5b, 6c, 7d, 8b, 9b, 10d
TEST 5: 1b, 2d, 3a, 4c, 5b, 6c, 7b, 8c, 9a, 10a
TEST 6: 1d, 2a, 3d, 4a, 5c, 6c, 7c, 8a, 9a, 10b
TEST 7: 1d, 2d, 3a, 4c, 5c, 6c, 7c, 8b, 9a, 10c
TEST 8: 1c, 2b, 3a, 4b, 5d, 6a, 7b, 8d, 9c, 10d
TEST 9: 1d, 2b, 3b, 4a, 5c, 6a, 7b, 8b, 9a, 10b
TEST 10: 1c, 2d,3c,4a, 5b, 6a, 7c, 8a, 9c, 10a
TEST 11: 1a, 2c, 3a, 4b, 5d, 6b, 7c, 8c, 9d, 10b
TEST 12: 1b, 2b, 3c, 4a, 5d, 6c, 7a, 8b, 9c, 10b
TEST 13: 1b, 2a, 3c, 4c, 5a, 6c, 7a, 8b, 9c, 10a
TEST 14: 1d; 2d, 3b, 4b, 5d, 6b, 7a, 8a, 9d, 10b
TEST 15: 1b, 2c, 3d, 4b, 5c, 6a, 7c, 8b, 9c, 10d
TEST 16: 1c, 2d, 3c, 4 a, 5b, 6b, 7c, 8b, 9b, 10b
TEST 17: 1b, 2d, 3b, 4d, 5c, 6b, 7c,8d; 9c, 10c
TEST 18:
XI
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Long-long ago in the Crimean village there were problems with water. So, the men dug seven wells that started to give some water to the local people.
Once, a German man was chosen as the head of the village. He was a wise man and he offered the people to take water free. So everybody was happy to get as much water as they needed.
That man had seven sons. The youngest, whose name was Fritz was the healthiest and strongest in the family. In his childhood he noticed that when some water was taken from the wells, it splashed on the ground. So he didnt like that and once said to his father, When I grow up, Ill ask the village dwellers to pay for the water from the wells. They splash too much water on the ground. On, no! said his father, water is the most precious thing in this land. It should be free.
A few years passed. The old German died. Then his six sons died of some disease one by one, and Fritz was made head of the village. He immediately made his wish come true. He said to the villagers that from that day they should pay for the water from the wells. All the wells were locked and Fritz kept the keys to the wells.
One day the village dwellers decided to rebel against Fritz because he told them they wouldnt have any water for one day.
An old soldier came to the village. He was tired and thirsty and asked for some pure water. Fritz didnt let him drink because the soldier had no money to pay for it. The soldier begged Fritz to help him. But it was all in vain. When the soldier was dying, he cursed Fritz.
After his death one of the wells was open but the water disappeared from it. When Fritzs servant opened the other six wells and found no water there, he told it to his master. Fritz was furious. Thus he was punished for his cruelty.
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| , : - ? - ? - ? | You are finishing your last year of studies at school. Talk about your plans for the future: - What profession have you chosen for yourself? - Where are you going to continue your education? - What is your parents advice? |
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THE BRIDGE
Peter's parents died when he was a child of 5. He was brought up by his grandmother who took great care of the child and did her best to make him happy. But the boy was very shy and timid.
One day he took his bicycle and went for a ride. Suddenly he saw another cyclist in the distance. Soon he could see that the cyclist was a young girl. As soon as the girl noticed Peter she increased her speed as she didn't want Peter to catch up with her. Suddenly Peter remembered that a few yards ahead of them there was no road as the bridge across the river was under repairs. Peter realised that the girl would run a terrible risk in case she tried to cross the bridge. He cried out to her to stop, but it was too late. The girl had reached the bridge and at once Peter saw her lose balance and fall into the water together with her bicycle. When Peter rode up he saw the girl holding on to a board standing in the water. Without a moment's hesitation he jumped into the water as he wanted to help the girl. The current under the bridge was very strong and Peter had to swim against it. At last he swam up to the board and saw the girl's frightened eyes looking at him with hope. "Can you swim?" asked Peter but the girl shook her head.
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Peter ordered the girl to hold on to his neck and they both started for the bank. It was very difficult for Peter to swim with such a burden and at moments it seemed to him that he could not stand the strain and that they both would be drowned. When they reached the bank, Peter was so tired that he could hardly breathe. When he came to himself he saw the girl looking at him with admiration.
"You are a real hero", she said. "You are the bravest boy I've ever met", and she smiled. And it was at that moment that Peter felt a great confidence in himself. He was afraid of nothing now, he was able to overcome any difficulty.
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| : , . - ? - ? ? - ? | Life is short, art is long, the saying goes: - What is art to you? - What forms of art do you prefer? Why? - Whats your favourite piece of art? |
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TO STUDY IN GREAT BRITAIN? NO PROBLEM
Studying abroad is a really good experience. However, sometimes it is very difficult to get necessary funds to pay for tuition, living accommodations, etc. One way to get money while studying is to apply for a job. If you would like to study and work at the same time in Great Britain, you should be aware of some pertinent rules and regulations.
A lot of students dream of obtaining a degree from an overseas university and, in particular, of one from Great Britain. This country, famous for its traditions and unique education system, seems an optional location. Moreover, it is possible to study there for free! In this article you will find out how to obtain financial assistance such as grants and scholarships to pay for tuition and living expenses in Great Britain.
Getting financial assistance necessarily involves an assessment of your academic progress, educational background and work experience. However, it is also a matter of time. As a rule, students must start preparing the necessary documents at least a year before their intended study. This time is spent filling out the applications, sending them to the appropriate bodies, having them assessed and, finally, receiving the results. Most financial assistance programmes have deadlines, so the earlier you start the better.
Financial assistance programmes come in two broad categories. The first covers full funding for tuition fees, accommodation, and maintenance; while the second covers only partial expenses associate with education and living. The latter category mostly consists of individual universities' grants and scholarships, so it is best to consult each university regarding their own financial assistance programmes.
To cross the border you'd need a foreign passport, which may be acquired upon making a personal petition (or through legal representatives) to the passport service of the internal security bodies, in residence. (A person receiving a passport is not to be younger than eighteen, or sixteen if the person lives abroad permanently).
The process of getting funds for education takes time, so you will need to be patient. Good luck!
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| . - ? - ? - ? ? | Food is an important part of a balanced diet. - What role does food play in your life? - What is your attitude to healthy and junk food? - Would you rather cook by yourself or eat out? Why? |
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RACHEL
Every evening she came out of the dark and stepped into the bright light of the street like a frightened child far from home. I knew that she had never been at the end of the alley before eight o'clock, and yet there were evenings when I ran there two hours early and waited until she came. During all those months I had known her, she had been late only two or three times, and then it was only ten or fifteen minutes past eight when she came.
Rachel had never told me where she lived, and she would never let me walk home with her. Where the alley began was the door through which she came at eight, and the door which closed behind her at ten. When I had asked her to let me walk with her, she always said that her father did not allow her to be with boys and that if he saw us together he would either beat her pitilessly or make her leave home.
Rachel had told me that almost every time I saw her, as if she wanted me to understand some sort of danger that lay in the darkness of the alley. I knew there was no physical danger, because around the corner was our house and I knew the district as anyone else. And besides during the day I usually walked through the alley to our back gate on my way home, because it was the shortest way when I was late for supper. But after dark the alley was Rachel's, and I had never gone home that way at night as I feared to see her or hear of her. I had promised her from the beginning that I would never follow her to find out where she lived, and that I would never try to discover her real name.
I knew Rachel and her family were poor, because she had been wearing the same dress for nearly a year. It was a worn but clean dress of blue cotton, and I knew she washed it every day. Each evening when I saw her, I was worried because I knew that the cloth would not last for long. I wanted to offer to buy her a dress with the few dollars I had in my bank, but I was afraid even to suggest such a thing to her. I was sure that it would mean the end of my seeing her.
After Erskine Caldwell
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| , , . : - ? - ? - ? | Friend is a word that can be refered to all generations, age groups and different nationalities. Talk about: - Is it easy or difficult to be a good friend? - What features of character must a real friend have? - What do you think about friendship online? |
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ADVENTURES ON THE RIVER
(From "Three Men in a Boat" by Jerome K- Jerome) We decline to drink the river.
We found ourselves short of water at Hambledon Lock; so we took our jar and went up to the lock-keeper's house to beg for some. George was our spokesman. He put on a winning smile, and said:
"Oh, please could you spare us a little water?" "Certainly," replied the old gentleman; "take as much as you want, and leave the rest." "Thank you so much," murmured George, looking about him, "Where where do you keep it?" "It's always in the same place, my boy," was the stolid reply: "just behind you." "I don't see it," said George, turning round.
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"Why, bless us, where're your eyes?" was the man's comment, as he twisted George round and pointed up and down the stream. "There's enough of it to see, ain't there?" "Oh!" exclaimed George, grasping the idea; "but we can't drink the river, you know!'!
"No, but you can drink someof it," replied the old fellow. "It's what I'vedrunk for the last fifteen years."
George told him that his appearance, after the course, did not seem a sufficiently good advertisement for the brand and that he would prefer it out of a pump.
We got some from a cottage a little higher up. I dare say thatwas only river water if we had known. But we did not know, so it was all right. What the eye does not see, the stomach does not get upset over.
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| . , : - ? - ? - , . | A new pupil has come into your class. Talk about your school and the teachers that teach you. - Say something about your school traditions. - Inform about your favourite school subjects. - Talk about the teacher you admire. |
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DARYL HANNAH
The pretty mermaid looked up from the golden sand and the world fell in love with her. The film was Splash, and the mermaid was the famous actress, Daryl Hannah, who has also starred in such films as Roxanne and Blade Runner.
Daryl is tall and slender. She has got long blond hair, large blue eyes and stunning features. She looks fantastic in expensive clothes, but she prefers casual clothes which show off her natural beauty.
She is more than just another pretty face, however. She is a complicated person whose character has many sides. She is often in the public eye, but she is actually a very shy person who dislikes the crowds and noise of Hollywood parties. Her shyness is a problem which she is trying to overcome with her friends' help. She is not the sort of person who expects help without giving anything back, however. Daryl is an extremely caring person, and she says that she forgets her own problems when she is helping others. She is also a romantic who believes in true love, so she wants to find someone very special before she starts a family.
Daryl's lifestyle is quite simple. When she is not working, her favourite activities are gardening, playing the piano and making pottery, all of which reveal the creative side of her character.
Daryl may prefer to sit in the shadows at parties, but when it comes to her beliefs she is not afraid to speak her mind. She has strong views on the environment. She believes that our modern lifestyle is destroying the environment. For this reason, she is currently looking for a place in the countryside where she can build an environmentally-friendly house. She says that she feels most relaxed when she is close to nature.
Underneath the success, shyness and simple lifestyle are Daryl's very strong views on life. As she says, "Find out what is important to you - and don't be afraid to leave it!"
It is a pleasure to meet an actress who remains down-to-earth and sincere in a world where fame and success can often harm one's character.
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| , . : - , . - , , ? | You are going to make a report at the international conference, devoted to the questions of environmental protection. Talk about - the problems which are caused by the pollution of the environment in the world. - How can these problems be solved in your opinion? |
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KING LEAR
Once upon a time there lived an old king of Britain. His name was Lear. He had three daughters: Goneril, Regan and Cordelia. One day King Lear called his daughters and said to them: "I am very old and tired. I cannot be the king of Britain any more. I want to divide the country into three parts and give one part to each of you. Each of you will be the queen of her part of the country. But first you must tell me how much you love me. Then I shall know which of you must get the better part."
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Goneril and Regan were not good daughters. They did not love their father. But they were very greedy. They wanted to become queens very much. They were glad to hear that their father wanted to divide his country into three parts. They only thought how to get the larger and better part of the country. So Goneril said:
"Dear Father, I love you very much. I love you more than my eyes, more than my beauty, more than my life. No child loves his father more than I love you."
Regan said the same, but in different words.
King Lear was very glad. Then he asked his youngest daughter Cordelia to speak. She was his favourite daughter.
Cordelia knew that her sisters were bad daughters. She loved her father very much, but she did not want to repeat the words of her sisters. So she said nothing. Only when King Lear told her angrily that she must speak, she said:
"I don't understand why my sisters say that they love you more than anything else. They are married. Don't they love their husbands? You are my father, and of course I love you. But when I marry, I shall love my husband, too."
King Lear did not like Cordelia's words. He shouted at her and said that he did not want to have such a daughter. He divided the country between Goneril and Regan and gave Cordelia nothing.
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| . : - , , ? - ? - , ? ? | English has become an international language. Talk about the importance of learning foreign languages - What do you consider to be the most important aspects of learning foreign languages? - Which is the best way to practise them? - Say if you want to learn several foreign languages. Why? |
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THE PRICE OF FAME
Have you ever dreamed of being rich and famous? You might change your mind if you considered all the disadvantages of being famous.
For one thing, celebrities have to look perfect all the time. There's always a photographer ready to take an unflattering picture of a famous person.
Celebrities also sacrifice their private lives. They are followed by the paparazzi wherever they go. Their personal problems, divorces, or family tragedies all end up as front-page news.
They worry constantly about their reputation. Actors may lose their popularity, singers may lose their voices, athletes may be injured.
Do you think it's fair? The rich and famous worry about money too. Sometimes they don't know what to do with it.
It's difficult for famous people to know who to trust. Ex-lovers may sell their stories to the newspapers. Their accountants or impresarios may be secretly cheating them. The paparazzi sell photos of the rich and famous to the popular press. And paparazzi can make a fortune on those pictures. But for the celebrities these photos are an invasion of privacy.
Do you think a special law should be introduced to protect the celebrities?
Famous people can never be sure whether people like them for themselves or because they are famous. It's difficult for them to make true friends.
Furthermore, celebrities are in constant danger of the wrong kind of attention. Threatening letters and even physical attacks from crazy fans are not unusual things in their lives. So many of them suffer nervous breakdowns or drug and alcohol problems.
Many celebrities say that their lives are far from being happy. As Fred Alan once said,."A celebrity is someone who works hard all his life to be known, then wears dark glasses to avoid being recognized".
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| : - ? - ? - - ? | Holidays are the time to spend with family and friends - What is your favourite holiday? - How do your family and friends celebrate this holiday with you? - Do you have any special traditions to celebrate this holiday? |
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Choosing the right time to sleep, the correct moment to make decisions, the best hour to eat and even go into the hospital could be your key to perfect health.
Centuries after man discovered the rhythms of the planets and the cycles of crops, scientists have learned that we too live by precise rhythms that govern the ebb and flow of everything from our basic bodily functions to mental skills. Man is a prisoner of time.
But it's not just the experts who are switching on the way of our bodies work. The increasing number of people study the state of their bio-rhythms before making their daily plans. Prince Charles consults a chart which tells him when he will be at his peak on a physical, emotional, and intellectual level. Boxer Frank Bruno is another who charts his bio-rhythms to plan for big fights.
Leading experts say every aspect of human biology is influenced by daily rhythms. Sleep, blood pressure, hormone levels, and heartbeat all follow their own clocks, which may bear only slight relation to our man-made 24-hour cycle.
Research shows that in laboratory experiments when social signals and, most crucially, light indicators such as dawn are taken away, people lose touch with the 24-hour clock and sleeping patterns change. Temperature and heartbeat cycles lengthen and settle into "days" lasting about 25 hours.
In the real world, light and dark keep adjusting clocks to the 24-hour days. But the best indicator of performance is body temperature. As it falls from a 10 p.m. high at 37.2 degrees Celsius to a pre-dawn low of 36.1 degrees Celsius, mental functions fall too. This is a key reason why shift work can cause so many problems both for workers and their organizations.
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| , , , : - ? - , ? - ? | School uniform is a must in many schools, but not all pupils seem to like it. - Why do more and more schools choose to have a school uniform? - What effects do uniforms have on students, teachers and education? - Why do people of some professions have to wear unuiforms? |
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EARLY INDIAN LITERATURE
Indian literature begins with the orally transmitted myths, legends, tales, and lyrics (always songs) of American Indian cultures. There was no written literature among the more than 500 different Indian languages and tribal cultures that existed in North America before the first Europeans arrived.
Tribes maintained their own religions worshipping gods, animals, plants, or sacred persons. These tribal variations enter into the oral literature as well.
Still, it is possible to make a few generalizations. Indian stories, for example, glow with reverence for nature as a spiritual as well as physical mother. Nature is alive and endowed with spiritual forces; main characters may be animals or plants, often totems associated with a tribe, group, or individual.
The Mexican tribes revered, a god of the Toltecs and Aztecs, and some tales of a high god or culture were told elsewhere. However, there are no long, standardized religious cycles about one supreme divinity. The closest equivalents to Old World spiritual narratives are often accounts of shamans' initiations and voyages. These tricksters are treated with varying degrees of respect. In one tale they may act like heroes, while in another they may seem selfish or foolish.
Examples of almost every oral genre can be found in American Indian literature: lyrics, chants, myths, fairy tales, humorous anecdotes, proverbs, epics, and legendary histories. Accounts of migrations and ancestors abound, as do vision or healing songs and tricksters' tales. Certain creation stories are particularly popular.
The songs or poetry, like the narratives, range from the sacred to the light and humorous. There are lullabies, war chants, love songs, and special songs for children's games, gambling various chores, magic, or dance ceremonials. Generally the songs are repetitive. Short poem songs given in dreams sometimes have the clean imagery and mood associated with Japanese haiku or Eastern- influenced imagistic poetry.
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| , : - ? ? - , , ? - ? | Many people play sports because it helps them to keep fit - What are your favourite kinds of sport? Why? - What can we learn from playing sports either in a team or individually? - What life lessons have you learnt from playing sports? |
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