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Witnesses may1 pick out from an identification parade2 the person who most resembles their idea of what the criminal would look like3,4, a conference5 organized6 by the British Psychological Society7 was told8,9 on Saturday. , , , , - , , . 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.  
Mr. Ray Bull, a senior lecturer1 at the North East London Polytechnic2, said research had shown that the public3 tended to link4 abnormal appearance with abnormalities of behavior. , - 5, , , . 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
'The public1 and police2 do3 agree about what face fits4 what crime,'5 he said6. , - . 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.  
'One apparently widely held belief1 is the "what is beautiful is2 good" stereotype3. , , . 1. 2. 3.
An individual's facial1 attractiveness has an effect on how threatening2 other people judge that person to be3. , . 1. 2. 3.
I have found that the addition1 of one or two small scars to a face leads to that face being judged2,3 more dishonest4.' , 1 2 , . 1. 2. 3. 4.
'Those beliefs also influence length1 of sentence and verdict2', he said3. - . 1. 2. 3.
Research in mock-trial1 settings2 had shown that the more unattractive3 defendant was more heavily5 sentenced4 than one6 of attractive character7 and appearance. , , , , , 8 . 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Mr. Bull, an expert1 on identification2 by witnesses, was addressing3 psychologists4 and lawyers5 at a conference in London6 held7 by Sir Brian MacKenna8, a retired9 high court judge, on the role10 of psychology11 in the legal system12. , , , , , . 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. , 9. 10. 11. 12.
For decades it had been known1 that people often do not see or hear things2 presented3 to their senses, but do4 'see' and 'hear' things5 that have not occurred6. 7 , , , , 8 . 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
But none of those factors1 meant that identification evidence2 was of little value3. , . 1. 2. 3.
Laboratory1 research based2 on photographs3 had shown4 recognition rates5 were high, about 80 percent, even after delays6 of 35 days. , , , , 80%, 35 . 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
But rates were lower1 when2 identification3 was tested4,5 in mock criminal episodes6 in the streets because of stress7 and inability of the witness to concentrate8 simultaneously on self-preservation9 and remembering10 details11 of the culprit. , . 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
Law enforcement authorities should1 be more aware2 of the factors3 that influence memory4 and identification5, Mr. Bull said6. , , . 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Apart from people's prejudices about the 'look' of a criminal, the factors1 included the way questions were asked2,3. , 4 . 1. 2. 3. 4.

 

 


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