. 0,001% , 95% 5% .
18% , .
− 72% − 28% , . 40 : , .
(. 5.1 − 5.3) , (. 5.1).
, () (w) (. 5.3), .. , , , .
. 5.1. I . 5.2. II . 5.3. III
, , ().
, (. 5.1), . < , = .
,
(. 5.2). > .
. . (. 5.3) () . , () ( ), . -, :
, (5.1)
L1,2 1 2;
v1 v2 ;
- .
L1,2 = L, v1 << v2,
(5.1)
Ev = RnT (5.2)
( ):
, (5.3)
Rn - .
() :
L = L0 2,72t, (5.4)
L0 = 2500 /.
( ) Lc 2837 /.
|
|
L L 5%, , L = L = const.
L T0. (5.3) :
ln n , (5.5)
E0 T0.
(5.5) :
T0 = 0 C (273,15 K), E0 = 6,1078 , Rn = 460 / :
E = E0 (5.6)
:
(5.8)
(5.9)
, , . . , .
.
, ( ), , .
.
(. .5.4).
. , . : 0 = 0,01 C, E0 =6,1114 . .
. 5.4. () ()
, , . , = () :
= 100 , = 1013,2 ,
= 374 = 221 000 .
, , , . . . : , .
, = (), , . . = .
< . , , . .
. . ( 0 ), , . . .
0 .
.
|
|
, .
, , , , .
12 , Δ = .
( -). .