K ;K ~ ;
, .
.
, =.
: h, , .
<P.
150 .
(30-50 ) .
=. Δ =
.
. .
, , .
,
,
900 .
. , .
, .
Fe2O3+Al→Al2O3+Fe+Q↑
2000.
. . .
2 : .
; , .
Sp = 0,53/100 → = 0,1*10-2 .
S = 53/100 → = 0,36 .
S = 83/100 → = 1 .
. .
; , , , .
, , . , , . , . -
|
|
8.6
,
: (τ3) > (τ3)0;
.
≤G (≈0,75)
= 1, 2 1,4; τ3 = ;
|
|
=1, 2 1,4; = 0.
=1,1 1,2; R = ;
= 1,1 1,2
V= Vm+Vp ;
Vp = EV(V0 + V)
VM = F * ξ* ()
ξ = *
=
0
;
ξ = * = * ;
V = F * * + V (V0+Vp).
V (1- V) = V0 (V + * )
(1- V) = V + *
.
= 0
V +
. , .
.
ΔV = F*Δξ;
F ,
ΔV = V* ΔV;
ΔV = F*Δh
ΔV = ΔV; V*F*Δξ = F*Δh.
Δh = V* * Δξ; Hp = d ;
, , . . .
, . .
.
.
:
v* V≤ *
.
=; v ≤ *
.
α = - (/).
α = ; α ≥ *
, H.
= 0,4*10-7; S = 0,5 (3/100 )
= 0,36 ; S = 5 (3/100 )
= 1 ; S = 8 (3/100 )
, , , . α (≈ 100 /), , . 30 / , . , . , .
8. 7. .
, .
- .
|
|
= *100%; l.
*l = l l;
L = l * (1 + ).
. , . . .
8. 8. .
= αT*l;
αT- , .
= αT* t
, .
t0 → t
to.
<c1 α
<c2 β
1<c<c2 α(β) +
t0, .
- , . .
Sp = So*exp ()
Q .
, . .
P ≥ + ρgh +
, . , .
, . . . , , . .
t0<t<t , .
tc<t<t0 , , , , , . , , , . , - . , , , .
, .
, t0 - te . , .
|
|
= αT** toE
, . . , , .
, .
ρ = 2,25 /3; ρ = 7 /3; Ev = (Ev) + (-Ev)
, , . , - , , .
. , . , , - , .
,
Fe3C → 3FeA+C
, . , , 900 .
8. 9. .
. .
Feɣ → Feα
.
A → → Pvt→Bnt → Mvt
→v
ΔV
. . .
= (ɣ + α) ( + ) = αɣΔtɣ + ααΔtα -
, , .
- | 0,01 0,05% | 0,01 0,05% | 0,1-0,2% | 0,4-0,8% |
ɣ | 1,1-1,5% | 0,8-1,0 % | 0,2-0,3% | 0,2-0,3% |
0,1% | 0,1% | 0,1% | 0,1% | |
α | 0,9-1,0% | 0,9-1,0% | 0,9-1,0% | 0,9-1,0% |
2,0-2,5% | 1,5-2,0 % | 1,1-1,3% | 1,1-1,3% | |
2,0-2,5% | 1,5-2,0 % | 0,9-1,2 % | 0,6-0,8% |
8.10.
, . , .
. Δt21 = t2 t1
= ;
<> ; → max; = ;
, .
, , , , , .
|
|
F = Fm; S = S; = ; = (1-μ);
= - = - (1-μ) = μ;
(1-μ)S = μ S ;
(1-μ) S = μS;
S = μS + μS = μ (S + S);
μ = = ;
S = 0; μ = 0; >>; E ≈
l = -
, , .
= αΔt = α(t t)
, .
, , , , , , .
e
e = - ; e1,2 = ()1,2 -
, τ0 , , . , .
8.11.
, .
. .
0 ≤ μ ≤ 1
μ = 0 .
μ = 1 .
:
= (1-μ);
μ = 0 = e = - =0
μ = 1 = 0 e = 0 =
, .
e = - = - (1-μ) = μ
.
e = -
= l
+ lM = ; (1-μ) + μ - ;
W = W
, .
Ϭ =
W = ϬF = F; W = F
F = F
= ; = -
F = ( - ) F
(F + F) = F
= = ≈ (1 - )
μ
μ ≈
= 0
, . F = 0 , . . ≈ 0, , .
, , , , .
8.12.
, .
, , , , .
Ϭ = Ϭ (1- vpτ)
tc<t<t vp Ϭ→ 0
tc, , . t0, . , . .
> Δ, .
e = μ = μαtΔt = μαt(t0 t)
μ = 0 e =0
μ = 1 e = = αt(t0 t)
0<μ<1 e = μ
.
μ = 0
μ = 1 . μ .
+
-
Δ*>e . .
Δ**<e , .
μ. , .
1) , , , , , .
2) , . .
8.13.
, .
. ∆t.