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5




1.

, () . , ( , ).

- a, , :

a = n / n .

a . (a > 30 %) , , , , ; NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2.

(a < 3 %) : , , , , (, , ); , -, d -, f - (u(OH)2, Fe(OH)3, Al(OH)3, ). .

a , , .

, . K + + , , K :

K = [ K+] [A] / [ KA] = K .

K , . K , . , K (3) = 1 . 105, K (23) = 4,5 . 107, , , .

. :

34 + + 24- K 1 =7,5.103;

24- + + 42- K 2 = 6,3.108;

42- + + 43-- K 3 = 1,3.1012.

K = K 1 K 2 K 3.

, , K 1 > K 2 > K 3. , , , .

 

2.

- , , (). . :

D = c ; D = m; D = m; = RT.

ֳ . , , . . : (0,2 l) = 1,81, (0,02 l) = 1,96. ̳ a : a = -1/ n -1, n , .

1. , 8 NaOH 1000 2, 100,184 . (2) = 0,516 .

ʼ:

1. ?

D t = m; m = ni . (1000/ m -) = . 1000/ m -,

= (D t . m - . M (NaOH): ( . 1000 . m (NaOH) = (0,184×100×40):(0,516×1000×8) = =1,78.

³: = 1,78.

 

3 .

,

+ +

, a, a , (1 a). :

K = 2a2/(1 a)

. ³ , , K . , a (a 0) K = a2 α = K , , = , a . .

2. 0,1 0,001 . K (3) = 10−5.

ʼ:

:

α(0,1 ) = = = 10−2 = 0,01.

α(0,001 ) = = = 10−1 = 0,1.

³: α(0,1 - 3) = 0,01, α(0,001 - 3) = 0,01.

 

 

4 . .

1923 . ¢ .

, - . . , .

(, ) (), .

. , .

. - 䳺 䳿. , , (D , D , D , ) , .

¢ () - () (a). - , ¢ . ¢ :

a = fC,

f - . , , f - . a = C. a , .

. , .

m() z.

m = 1/2( 1 z 12 + C 2 z 22 + + C n z n2)

, m , m .

f , . , f £ 0,01 / lg f = -0,5 z + . z - Öm.

f .

, 䳿 , 䳿, .

 

5. -

- - , , 57,6 :

Ѳ +N = NѲ + 2; D = -57,53

N3 + = N3 + 2; D = -57,61

, - :

+ + 2.

, , .

:

AgNO3 + HCl AgCl¯ + HNO3;

Ag2SO4 + CuCl2 2AgCl¯ + CuSO4.

:

Ag+ + Cl AgCl¯.

, . , - , 䳿 , , , .

2Ѳ + 23 Ѳ + 2 + 2;

2+ + 32 2 + 2;

Ni(NO3)2 + 6NH3 [Ni(NH3)6](NO3)2;

Ni 2+ + 6NH3 [Ni(NH3)6]2+.

3. () 䳿 .

¢:

: CuSO4 + NaOH Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO4;

: Cu+2 + SO42 + Na+ + 2OH Cu(OH)2 ¯+ 2Na+ + SO42;

: Cu+2 + 2OH Cu(OH)2 ¯.

6.

1. . (1887) . , , +, . , , , , . , . - ʼ + + 2. , .

, (), (, ) .

2. ( , 1923). . ³ 10000 , , , . ֳ .

, - ( ) . - , . :

1. Ѳ, H2SO4, .. NaOH, KOH;

2. :

HSO4 H+ + SO42, HPO42 H+ + PO43;

Cl + H+ HCl, OH + H+ H2O.

3. :

NH4+ NH3 + H+, H3O+ H2O + H+;

NH3 + H+ NH4+, H2O + H+ H3O+.

- , , :

+ +.

, . , H3O+, HSO4 - , H2O SO42. - , , .

. :

2 + + ;

3 3 + +.

, , . .

, . . , Ѳ , . , .

( ). ,

K (3) = 105, K = -lg(105) = 5;

K (NH4OH) = 105, K = 5.

, ó, ( 㳿 ).

7.

, a = 1,8 109. , 䳺 ¢.

:

2 + + (1)

, . ( ), - ( ). ó 3+ . 3+ .

(1). = [H+] [OH] / [H2O].

(2) = 1000:18 = 55,56 /; [H+] = [OH] = CM × a = 55,561,8×109 = 107 /.

a , [H2O] = const;

[H2O] = [+]]OH] = 1014 = Kw - .

w .

, - . , -, - . , , . , :

[H+] = 1014 / [OH]; [OH] = 1014 / [H+].

 

8.

+ ʼ . 1909 . ,

= − lg [H+].

, . = 7. < 7, > 7.

, 0 3 , 4 6 ; 810, - = 11...14.

. , , (, , , , ). - -.

4. , 4·10−3 /.

:

= −lg[H+] = −lg(4·10−3) = −lg4· − lg10−3 = −0,6 + 3 = 2,4.

³: 2,4.

5. - = 10,8.

:

1. ?

+ = 14; = 14 − 10,80 = 3,2.

2. - ?

= −lg[H]; −lg[H] = 3,2;

, [H] = 6,3110−4 /.

³: - 6,3110−4 /.

6. 0,17 . 3, 1,7510−5.

:

1. α −?

α = ; α = = = 10−2.

2. [+] −?

33 + +;

[+] = α× (3); (3) = (3) = 0,17 .

[H+] = 0,17·10−2 = 0,17·10−2 /.

3. −?

= −lg[H+] = −lg 0,17·10−2 = 2,77.

³: 2,77.

7. 0,01 , K = 1,7710−5.

ʼ:

1. a(NH4OH) −?

NH4OH ↔ NH4+ + OH; [OH] = a n, − ,

a , n , ( n =1).

a = , a = = = 0,042.

2. [OH] −?

[OH] =10−2·0,042·1 = 0,42 ·10−3 /,

3. pH −?

pOH = −lg [OH] = 3,7; pH + pOH = 14; pH = 14 3,7 = 10,3.

³: = 10,3

 





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