( ) ( ) , . , ( model of circular flows).
( ) , ( ) . , ( ) , , - (.. ), ( ). . , . (consumption spending). , , (revenue), , (costs), (income) ( ), ( ), ( ) ( ), . ( ). . , , , , . , . . , . , .
, : 1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) .
(.1.2) .
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, . , (savings) . ( loanable funds). , . : 1) ( , ), ; 2) , , . , . , , . (consumption spending - ) (investment spending I). , Y (yield). (expenditures):
Y = E
( ) () (I):
E = C+ I,
- (C) (S):
Y = + S.
,
+ I = + S,
, ,
I = S,
.. . (injections) , (leakages) . , , , ( , , ). , , , . ( ), , (). . .
.
1) -, (government spending - G), , , . , , . , .. .
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2) -, (taxes - Tx), . , , , (transfers - Tr). - , ( ) . (social benefits), , , , , . (subsidies).
3) -, , . ( + ) (), , , . ( ) . , , , .. . , . , . ( () ), , .
, , .. , , . : (C), (I) (G):
= C + I + G,
(C), (S) (T):
Y = C + S + T
, (Tx) (Tr):
T = Tx Tr
(, , , , , , )
, () , :
I + G = S + T
( , , , , ).
( ) , , , - . , (export Ex) () ( ), (import Im) ( ).
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. (Im > Ex), . ( ) :
) () , , . (, )
) ( ) .
, ( ) , (capital inflow). . (Ex > Im), () , (capital outflow), .
( ) . , (net export - Xn) :
n = Ex Im,
, : , , :
= C + I + G + Xn.
:
Y = C + S + T
( , , ). = Y, , :
C + I + G + Xn = C + S + T.
. () ():
Y = = C + I + G + Xn
, (.. , () , , , , ) (.. , , , ), :
I + G + Ex = S + T + Im
. . .