.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


,




( ) ( ) , . , ( model of circular flows).

, - ( 1.1).

 
 

 


( ) , ( ) . , ( ) , , - (.. ), ( ). . , . (consumption spending). , , (revenue), , (costs), (income) ( ), ( ), ( ) ( ), . ( ). . , , , , . , . . , . , .

, : 1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) .


 

 

 


 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(.1.2) .

, . , (savings) . ( loanable funds). , . : 1) ( , ), ; 2) , , . , . , , . (consumption spending - ) (investment spending I). , Y (yield). (expenditures):

 

Y = E

 

( ) () (I):

 

E = C+ I,

 

- (C) (S):

 

Y = + S.

 

,

+ I = + S,

 

, ,

 

I = S,

.. . (injections) , (leakages) . , , , ( , , ). , , , . ( ), , (). . .

.

1) -, (government spending - G), , , . , , . , .. .

2) -, (taxes - Tx), . , , , (transfers - Tr). - , ( ) . (social benefits), , , , , . (subsidies).

3) -, , . ( + ) (), , , . ( ) . , , , .. . , . , . ( () ), , .

, , .. , , . : (C), (I) (G):

 

= C + I + G,

 

(C), (S) (T):

 

Y = C + S + T

, (Tx) (Tr):

 

T = Tx Tr

 

(, , , , , , )

, () , :

 

I + G = S + T

 

( , , , , ).

( ) , , , - . , (export Ex) () ( ), (import Im) ( ).

. (Im > Ex), . ( ) :

) () , , . (, )

) ( ) .

, ( ) , (capital inflow). . (Ex > Im), () , (capital outflow), .

( ) . , (net export - Xn) :

 

n = Ex Im,

 

, : , , :

 

= C + I + G + Xn.

 

:

 

Y = C + S + T

 

( , , ). = Y, , :

 

C + I + G + Xn = C + S + T.

 

. () ():

 

Y = = C + I + G + Xn

, (.. , () , , , , ) (.. , , , ), :

 

I + G + Ex = S + T + Im

 

. . .

 





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