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Syllabic and Accentual Structure of English Words. Intonation.




1

The System of English Consonants

 

1. Classification of consonants according to:

the place of articulation

the work of the vocal cords

the position of the soft palate

2. The problem of affricates. Major theories concerning the problem.

3. Modification of consonants in connected speech. Assimilation, elision.

 

The System of English Vowels

1. The classification of English vowels according to:

stability of articulation;

tongue position;

lip position;

character of the vowel end;

length;

tenseness.

2. Phonetic status of the neutral sound.

3. Modification of vowels in connected speech: reduction, elision, accommodation.

1) Transcribe the following text, find and explain all the cases of assimilation and reduction:

So Tom unwound the thread from one of his needles, and each boy pricked the ball of his thumb and squeezed out a drop of blood. In time, after many squeezes, Tom managed to sign his initials, using the ball of his little finger for a pen. Then he showed Huckleberry how to make an H and an F, and the oath was complete. They buried the shingle close to the wall, with some dismal ceremonies and incantations, and the fetters that bound their tongues were considered to be locked and the key thrown away (M. Twain Adventures of Tom Sawyer).

ASSIMILATION

Assimilation is a process of alteration of speech sounds as a result of which one of the sounds becomes fully or partially similar to the adjoining sound.

Types of assimilation:

According to the direction:

progressive: dry

regressive: an d th ree

double: try

According to the quality of adjacent sounds:

consonant + vowel, vowel + consonant

vowel + vowel

consonant + consonant:

1) Assimilation according to the place of obstruction:

[t, d, n, l] + [Ө, ð] → alveolar sounds become dental ones: a t th e, an d th ick, i n th e, a ll th e

[t, d, n, l, s, z] + [r] → alveolar sounds become post-alveolar ones: tr y, dr y, ca n r ise, a ll r ound, let s wr ite, car s r ide

[m, p] + [f, v] → bilabial sounds become labio-dental ones: co mf ort

2) Assimilation according to the lip position:

[t, d, k, g, s] + [w] → sounds become rounded: tw in, dw ell, q ueen, co gw heel, sw an

3) Assimilation according to the work of the vocal cords:

Voiceless sound + [n, m, l, r, j, w] → sonorants are partially devoiced: sn ake, sm ile, pl ay, tr y, fj ord, tw enty

Word-stem + suffix ed → the suffix is pronounced [t] or [d]: li ved, pi cked

Word-stem + -s or s or s → s is pronounced [s] or [z]: Bo bs, gir ls, bag s

4) Assimilation according to the position of the soft palate: [t, d] + [n, m]: Good morning [gumo:niŋ]

5) Assimilation according to the manner of the release of plosive consonants:

Nasal plosion: [p, b, t, d, k, g] + [n, m]: cla p m y hands, Bo b m akes, bo ttom, pai d m oney, thi ck n ose, gn aw

Lateral plosion: [p, b, t, d, k, g] + [l]: pl an, bl ack, ket tl e, can dl e, cl ap, gl ance

Fricative plosion: [p, b, t, d, k, g] + [s, z]: sto ps, Bo bs book, ca ts, ba d z one, coo ks, ba gs

Loss of plosion: [p, b, t, d, k, g] + [p, b, t, d, k, g] [t∫, d]: sto p t alking, Bo b t akes, le t p upil, sa d b eauty, O ct ober, pi g t ried, pi cture

6) Loss of aspiration: [s] + [p, t, k] → p, t, k lose their aspiration: sp ider, st ool, sch ool

.., .., .., .. : . . - . . . - .: . . , 1996.

.. / . . .. ; . .. . - 2- . - .: , 2000.

Vassilyev V.A. English Phonetics. A theoretical course: . . - . . . - Moscow: Higher School Publishing House, 1970.

2

Syllabic and Accentual Structure of English Words. Intonation.

1. Syllable formation in English.

2. The problem of syllable division in English.

3. The nature of word stress.

4. The typology of accentual structure of English words.

5. The functional aspect of word stress.

6..Different approaches to the definition of intonation.

7. The prosodic constituents of intonation: pitch, loudness, tempo, rhythm.

8..Intonation pattern as a basic unit of intonation. The nucleus, head, pre-head/pre-nucleus, tail.

1) Transcribe the following text, divide it into syllables, mark all the stresses, and explain the nature of stress:

I don't mean to say that I know, of my own knowledge, what there is particularly dead about a door-nail. I might have been inclined, myself, to regard a coffin-nail as the deadest piece of ironmongery in the trade. But the wisdom of our ancestors is in the simile; and my unhallowed hands shall not disturb it, or the Country's done for. You will therefore permit me to repeat, emphatically, that Marley was as dead as a door-nail (Ch. Dickens A Christmas Carol).

2) Find the parts of intonation patterns in the following sentences:

a) Tom, what are you doing here?

b) Stop crying, it annoys me!

c) What's gone with the boy, I wonder?

d) Give me a glass of water, please.

e) Good night, madam. Sleep well.

.., .., .., .. : . . - . . . - .: . . , 1996.

.. / . . .. ; . .. . - 2- . - .: , 2000.

Vassilyev V.A. English Phonetics. A theoretical course: . . - . . . - Moscow: Higher School Publishing House, 1970.





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