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FAQ

. Perfect (Perfect Tenses)

Perfect (Perfect Tenses)

16 17 , Perfect Tenses - . . .

Active Voice
( )
Present () I have worked ()
Past () I had worked ()
Future () I shall have worked
Passive Voice
( )
Present It has been done
Past It had been done
Future It will have been done

, to have II . to have been (to have been - Perfect Infinitive to be) II .

Perfect : .

  Active Passive
Present: Have I worked? Has it been done?
Past: Had I worked? Had it been done?
Future: Shall we have written? Will it have been done?

, : I have not worked. It has not been done.

, . , - .

Present Perfect

to invite Present Perfect:

to invite
Active Voice Passive Voice
I have invited I have been invited
he (she) has invited he (she) has been invited
we have invited we have been invited
you have invited you have been invited
they have invited they have been invited

, - II (. 13) Present Perfect - II. , to see to think Present Perfect I have seen, I have thought.

Present Perfect, , . : -, ; -, , .

, Present Perfect, , .

Present Perfect: I have made map. .
Past Indefinite: Yesterday I made a map. .

( Present Perfect) : - , . , Past Indefinite, , , , . , , , , , .

, Present Perfect , :

We have learned twenty words. 20 .

I have read your book. .

Have you seen this letter? ?

, Present Perfect , , , . Present Perfect :

I have lived in Kursk all my life. .

, , .

He has been ill for three months. () .

He was ill for three months. .

Present Perfect, : ; Past Indefinite, .

Present Perfect - , , , , , yesterday , last year ..

Present Perfect always , never , not yet , ever - Present Perfect .

:

I have always liked hot summers. They have made these boxes. Have you ever seen this kind of stone? I have not yet found the word. The book has not yet been translated into English. Not much wood has been used. I have not told him anything. I have used two sheets of glass. Ten pounds of vegetables have been bought. I have always been afraid of storms. He has never been afraid of anything.

- - :

. . , .

, it, they, one you:

It is late. .
It is difficult to say. .
They say he is ill. , .
One must not smoke here. .
You can never tell. . ( .)

They ; one - , .

:

Was it cold yesterday? What do they say about my article? It is very difficult to remember so many words. One must study well to remember them. You never know what questions may be asked.

-ment, -, -en

-ment , :

equip equipment
state statement
treat treatment

- , :
wind windy
hill hilly
noise noisy

-en - -.

wide widen ()
dark darken ()
weak weaken ,

 

t-[C]: century nature culture
  ['senCuri] ['neiCa] ['kAlCq]
  temperature natural cultural
  ['tempriCq] ['nxCrql] ['kAlC(q)r(q)l]

ea - [i:]: heat, steam, treat, beater, 'steamer, treatment

. .

POWER FROM THE SUN

All energy on the earth is the transformed heat of the sun. For many centuries man has used this transformed solar heat in the form of wood, coal and oil or natural gas,and in a million other ways. But. though natural fuel supplies are great they will come to an end. So today we must ask: "Where else can we find fuel?"

Is it possible to use directly the energy of the sun? The answer to this question is simple: "Yes, it is!"

We now use power from the sun to dry fruits and vegetables. It can also be used to heat and boil water and even to get steam for small factories. It can be used in homes, hothouses and solar refrigerators.

In Alma-Ata, solar energy collected with the help of special reflectors has been used in treatment of many diseases for nearly twenty years.

It is very simple to make a solar water-heater.

Blacken the bottom and sides of a box, coat it with heat-insulating material and cover it with a piece of glass. Then stand it out (1) in the sun. You will find that the temperature inside the box begins to rise rapidly even if it isn't a very hot day. The bottom of the box, blackened, transforms the light of the sun into heat, while the glass cover stops the heat from escaping.

This simple "hot-box" method has long been used in making solar hotbeds and hothouses.

The temperature inside the box will go up mush more quickly and will go much higher, if the top is covered not with one but with several sheets af glass. A scientist in Tashkent has a hot-box with a temperature of 437 F (2) inside it -that is (3), two and quarter times the temperature of boiling water. His box has eight sheets of glass.

Another Russian scientist has made the simplest type of a solar boiler. It is a box about 16 feet long, seven feet wide and some seven inches high. On a sunny day, it can heat 150 gallons of water to a temperature of about 140 F. The top of the box has two sheets of glass, with a third sheet on the bottom. Inside the box are fourteen rows of half inch iron pipes, with lengths (4) of rubber tubing con-necting them.

From one side the heater takes in (5) cold water, from the other the hot water runs out. The whole, process is automatic. This boiler has become very popular.

(1) stand it out -

(2) 437 F (four hundred and thirty-seven degrees Fahrenheit ['fxr(q)nhait]) -437 (= 225 )

(3) that is -

(4) lengths - , . . length - ( 6).

(5) takes in -

51 "" . , . , , , automatic, energy, form, method, natural, popular process, reflector, refrigerator, temperature, gallon . transform (. ), tubing (. ), glass (. ). factory manufactory . direct directly , . diregere, . , 4 ( ) , . century cent, , , , , .

, , - , , inside half "", "", "" (halftime , half-back ). , inside in + side. ?

hothouse hotbed hot , house ; bed ; . -er, -or, ( 6), . .

, , to blacken black sunny sun .

solar sunny, , : solar - ; sunny - .

coat . (), (). to coat (, , ..).

oil , . . , oil - . - butter ['bAtql].

: else, whole, while, several, to get.

to get . - .

I got a letter yesterday. . is getting old. ( ).

Present Perfect Tense to get , , to have. : I have got three children. . Have you got a sheet of glass? ? , I have got , I have.

to get : to get away ; to get back ; ; to get down ; to get in , ; to get off ; to get on , ; to get out , ; to get up .

. to get, , , , , .

automatic [,O:tq'mxtik ]
blacken [ 'blxkqn ] ,
boil [ bOil ] ,
boiler [ 'bOilq ] ,
century [ 'senCuri ]
coal [ koul ]
directly [ di'rektli ] ,
disease [ di'zi:z ]
dry [ drai ] ,
else [ els ] ,
energy [ 'enqGi ]
escape [ is'keip ] ,
factory [ 'fxktqri ]
form [ fO:m ] , (0
fuel [ fjuql ] ,
gallon [ 'gxlqn ] (=4,54 )
get [ get ] ,
glass [ gla:s ] ,
half [ ha:f ]
heater [ 'hi:tq ] ,
hothouse [ 'hOthaus ] ,
hotbed [ 'hOtbqd ]
inside [ 'insaid ] ,
insulating [ 'insjuleitiN ]
iron [ 'aiqn ]
light [ lait ] , ,
method [ 'meTqd ]
natural [ 'nxCrql ] ,
oil [ Oil ] , ( )
popular [ 'pOpjulq ]
possible [ 'pOsqbl ]
power [ 'pauq ] , , , ,
process [ 'prouses ]
rapidly [ 'rxpidli ] ,
reflector [ ri'flqktq ] ,
refrigerator [ ri'friGqreitq ] ,
row [ rou ]
rubber [ 'rAbq ]
several [ 'sevrql ]
simple [ 'simpl ]
solar [ 'soulq ]
sun [ sAn ]
supply [ sq'plai ] , ,
temperature [ 'tempriCq ]
transform [ trxnsfO:m ] , ,
treatment [ 'tri:tmqnt ]
tubing [ 'tju:biN ] ,
while [ wail ] , ; , ;
whole [ houl ]

 

1. to supply Present Perfect Active Voice to asks Present Perfect Passive Voice , .

2. to say Present Perfect Active Voice, a to find Present Perfect Passive Voice. ( .)

3. , Present Perfect Active Voice. .

: They (to build) a simple boiler. They have built a simple boiler. .

We (to buy) enough coal and oil. Not much heat (to escape). He (never to work) at a factory. He (To boil) the water. Several centuries (to pass) since then. This method (to become) popular. We (to receive) no iron or glass. The sun (to dry) these fruits and vegetables. They (to find) several new kinds of fuel. The temperature (to rise). The temperature (to be) below zero all day.

4. , - Present Perfect Passive Voice:

: Enough fuel (to supply). Enough fuel has been supplied. .

Steam power (to use). The box (to cover) with heat-insulating material. Light (to transform) into heat. Several sheets of iron (to buy). Not enough water (to boil)- These trees (to find) at 2,000 feet above sea level.

5. , :

I have seen the new boiler. We have used boiled water. This method has been know for several centuries. Have got any wood or coal? Have they escaped? How much rubber has been supplied? Has the new treatment helped you? He has not yet come.

6. 9 :

possible, answer, above, heat, steam, light, pull, top, dark, bottom, impossible, roll, below, question, ice, cold, empty, push

7. 8 :

power, change, quickly, home, escape, energy, rapidly, house, hot, small, large, transform, run, away, warm, little, big

WEATHER.

What's the weather like today? ?
It is a fine day. [fain] .
It is raining, ['reiniN] .
It is snowing, ['snouiN] .
The weather is stormy. ['stO:mi] ( )
It is cold (warm, hot, cool). (, , ).
The weather is improving. [im'prO:viN] .
What is the temperature ['tempriCq] of the air (of the water)? ()?
20 degrees above zero. [di'gri:z] 20 .
10 degrees below zero. 10 .
Do you mean Centigrade ['sentigreid] or Fahrenheit? ['fxrqnhait] ?
I mean Centigrade. .
Shall we go out? ?
Yes, let's put on our winter coats and have a walk in the park. , .

.

to rain to snow. It rains, it is raining ; it often snows in winter .

READING
BETTER THAN THE REAL THING

Artificial () sapphires (1) produced at a chemicals factory in Nizny Novgorod rival the natural stones. They are almost as beautiful and much bigger in size. They are in the man-made collection include a bluish-green aquamarine (2) and alexandrite (3), which appears green in the day time and change colour in artificial light to red.

Output of Russian synthetic sapphires is increasing.

(1) sapphire ['sxfaiq]

(2) aquamarine [,xkwqmq'ri:n]

(3) alexandrite [,xlig'zxndrait]

PROVERBS

Strike while the iron is hot. .
Make hay () while the sun shines.
The morning sun never lasts day. .
Cut the coat according to the cloth . ( ).

QUOTATIONS

Culture is to know the best that has been said and thought in the world.
Matthew Arnold (England, 1822-1888)

Noise proves nothing. Often a hen who has merely laid an egg cackles () as if she laid an asteroid.
Mark Twain (USA, 1835-1910)

Better three hours too soon than minute too late.
William Shakespeare (England, 1564-1616)

JOKE

ENGLISH BOY: Father, in the school today I learned how to say "thank you" and "please" in French.

FATHER: Good! That's more than you ever learned to say in English.

I. , . :

cloud, cloudy; blood, bloody; storm, stormy; stone, stony; oil, oily; sleep, sleepy; rain, rainy; speed, speedy; red, to redden; light, to lighten; white, to whiten

II. :

It is very simple to leam the whole process. Is it possible to see him? Is it difficult to build a hotbed with a few sheets of glass? Is it warm today? It is easy to build such heaters if you have iron pipes and rubber tubing. They say it is not so easy as it seems. You cannot do it without aid. One must use solar heat. It seems that the whole process is very rapid.

III. , to get :

Do not get up. Let's get back to work. The boy could not get down from the tree. Did you get back the book you gave him? Get off this car! Get out of here! How are you getting on?

IV. , Present Perfect (Active Passive Voice), . :

A new hothouse (to build). We (to build) a new factory. Scientists (to find how to use solar energy. A new fuel (to find). She (to change) her method. No iron (to use). I (to do) everything possible. Everything possible (to do).

V. .

VI. Present Perfect .

VII. :

century, dry, heat, heater, oil, factory, power, boil, boiler, rapidly, rubber, coal, half, iron, coat, supply, else, fail, whole, escape, possible, simple, sun, sunny, while, energy, glass, row, light, several

VIII. , :

, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

16

I. ; ; (); ; ; ; ; (); ; ;

II. . ? ? ? , . , , . . . , , .

III. . ( ). . , ? . ! ?

IV. has been built; have built; have found; has been found; has changed; has been used; have done; has been done

V. Is it possible to use directly the energy of the sun? ? It is very simple to make a solar water-heater. .

VI. Active Voice: has used; has built; has made; has become Passive Voice: has been used

17

I. grow - Present Indefinite; went, asked, answered, grew, found, knew, stuck - Past Indefinite go, ask, answer, grow, find, know, stick. Had heard - Past Perfect to hear - , ( ) ( ). to grow , : : ... . (I then asked him how they grew...); . : " , , , ( ) , ; ()". Any .

II. , ; , .

III. - 1, 3, 10, 11; - 2,4,5,6,8; - 7,9.

18

I. ( ) . () 19 . - . (). . .

II. They will have to invite.... You will have to save.... She will have to follow The boy will have to take.... You will be able to read.... We shall be able to walk.... You will be able to earn.... They will be able to follow.... They will be able to get.... They will be able to return easily. She will be unable to tell us.

III. You had to invite.... You had to save him. She had to follow.... The boy had to take....

IV. () , , . , ( ). () . - () 19 . " ", , . () . , .

19

I. 1) We could see his grey skin rising and falling with his breath. , . 2) I could see his nose moving , . 3) I saw fly walk across his head. , . 4) I could see the great rhino rushing. ( ), : ... , ....

II. We must do it ourselves. I do not understand it myself. She herself told me about this mistake. I could neither se nor hear them. I did not invite either Helen or her father. I want to speak either to you or to your teacher. Neither dark nor his friend killed the rhino. I saw him press the button. I heard you shout. Are you ready? How much did you pay for the picture? Don't be angry, you are among friends. I saw the train turn southwards. I heard the children laugh (laughing). I clearly saw him throw down ( drop) his gun.

20

I. , . , . () . . , . (, ). (, ). , . , . , . ( ), -. , .

II. to observe, a baby, to conduct, to operate, ordinary, to increase

21

I. making, finding; make, made, made; find, found, found

II. doing; having; talked; mentioning; designing; having explained; having tried; having included. . , . , : " ". , , , , . , .

III. I like reading. I began (started) writing a story. Sleeping in the open air is good. I am thinking of including this word in the new dictionary. Finding this quotation is not easy. Thank you for explaining this question to me.

22

I. Perfect Active. . , ;

II. a) his age was not one (= the age) of biographical writing. ( ); ) Yet we know about Shakespeare as much as we do (= as we know) about most of (he writers... - , ... We cannot compare his knowledge with that (= the knowledge) of Jonson... ....

III. () . ( ) , ; , .

IV. Indefinite Active - No 1, 2, 3,4, 6, 7, 8, 9,11, 12, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23,25,27

Indefinite Passive - 15,16,17

Perfect Active - 5, 10 14, 28

Perfect Passive - 13,26

Continuous - 24

Perfect Continuous - 19

: 18. - . 22. - .

: 15. . 16. . 27. , , (. . 18). 28. .

: 1. . 3, .

: 1. , . 8. , . 14. , , . 17. . 21. , .

: 5. , , . 6. . 10. , , -. 11. , , . 13. , , . 19. , -, .

: 4. , . 7. . ( , ). 9. , . 12. (. , , ). 20. , ?

: 23. , . 25. , .

23

I. Indefinite Active, I: leading, knowing, walking, speaking, containing, talking, looking, flying

Indefinite Passive, I: being produced, being interested

Perfect Active, I: having read, having seen, having considered

Perfect Passive, I: having been built

: liked, interested, closed, brought, asked, cut

, . , . ( ), , , . , , () . , . , (... ). , . , ( , about). .

II. The poems having been published without a name... ...

III. he loved (= that he loved )

24

I. The Californians would not believe it for some time. . On the bottom of the pan would remain wet sand... ...

II.... tests were made to see if the material was gold.... , , .

III. I shall buy a new shirt as soon as I get money. If you agree, we shall begin the search immediately. We shall ( are going to) write to you When the tests are over. I shall give you a dictionary when you begin to translate ( start translating) the article, Do it before they come.

IV. I am going to buy six knives, two pans and a pair of shoes. He is going to be a sailor. I am not going to repeat my mistake. He was not going to continue the search. He said (that) he was going to come immediately. He said (that) he was not going to hurry.

25

I. 1) If he tried to do so... () ... ( ) 2) Had the full working force been out on the job. . ( )

II. , . , () . , , . , . , () . , , , .

If the ground had been soft, our work would have been easier. , . If you had agreed, we should have warned the management. () , () . If the wind had increased, I might have stayed at home. , , , .

III. , , . , ? , . , . , . , . () , . , ( ). , . , ( , ) . , , . , ( ), , .

IV. 1) accumulate, armed (. ), authority, cabin (. ), canvas (. ), classify, coffee, constitution, court (. ), discourage (. ), force (. ); gassy ( gas ), hotel, machinery, plank, steel, synonymous, ventilate - 18 ; 2) coffee-pot, frying-pan, townspeople; to draw up, , to be over; 3) draw, lay, sink; to lie : lie, lay, lain; to lay : lay, laid, laid

V. , , , . ( ) , (. ) .

(the) , , , . , .

, (: , ) "". " ".

 

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