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13.

(-) ( , , , .), .

, : 1) , 2) , 3) ,

4) .

, . , , .

. , , ( ).

( ) : 1) ( ), 2) , 3) ( ).

() (mult = [(1 + r)/(cr + rr)], D = mult D. () (mult = 1/rr).

, , :

1)

2) ( )

3)

( required reserve ratio). , , ( ), . , : R . = D rr, R . , D , rr ( ). ( , , ) , , , , , , .

, .

-, , .. , . , . , ( ), , . , 1000 ., , 10%, D= DD DR . = D D (DD rr) = 1000 1000 0.1 = 900, , 20%

D= 1000 1000 0.2 = 800.

-, () (mult = 1/rr, rr ). 10% 20% 10 (1/0.1) 5 (1/0.2). , : 1) , 2) .





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