: . 2
. 6
... 6
. 6
. 6
. 6
. 7
. 8
. 9
.. 9
. 10
.. 19
: .
XXXXI . . 1990- . ( XXI .) .
- - . . , - .
1962 ., . . , , . ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency, DARPA - ). 1964 . MIT, RAND Corporation Great Britain National Physical Laboratory (GBNPL) . , , , , (), (), . .
, ARPANet , .
1970- . DARPA - . DARPA , ; , , : .
, DARPA , Bolt, Beranek Newman (BBN) . 1976 ., DARPA , Unix TCP/IP. de facto , .
|
|
, 1970- ., , Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Protocol (IP).
DARPA , , . TCP/IP ( TCP/IP ), .
, , , . 1979 . TCP/IP , DARPA . (ICCB) 1983 ., . 1980 ., DARPA , , TCP/IP.
ARPANet TCP/IP. 1983 ., , , , TCP/IP.
1980 . , . , , . (DNS), , , . (NSF), (DOE), (DOD), (HHS) NASA , TCP/IP DARPA.
, , , . , TCP/IP , .
, . , , , .
. () . Novell IBM. , , .
|
|
, . , , .
, ARPANet , TCP/IP. .
. Ebone , 70 30 . Ebone , , , , , . Ebone 15 /.
Dante-Europanet, . Europanet 17 . Europanet 1992 . DANTE 1993 . 1995 . DANTE (British Telecom) 7 . ECU - Europanet. 1995 . Europanet.
, 1980- . 0, 5% , , , .
1990- . : , , , , , .
. .
19821983 . . . . Unix, . UNIX , . .
1990 . ( RELiable COMmunications ) . 30 , , -, , . , . 28 1990 . . . 1990 . SU.
1992 . EUnet/Relcom . 7 1993 . RU.
. EUnet/Relcom RELARN, .
RUNNet (Russian UNiversity Network). 1994 . .
|
|
25 1995 . RUNNet ().
RUNNet , , Web- . RUNNet , . IP- .
ru , IP-. , , .
ru , , , 61 141, 5 . . ( 2001 .).
, . , . , . ( ). 1 2006 . , .
2008 . , , . 11 2010 . .Ի .
, . . , . . , 720 355 , . 100 , 1,5 . .
7,9 . 2008 .. , 98,4 . 1999 . 7 . 2012 . - , , .
|
|
, , .
. , , - , . - 30% . . 2008 . , . 8 2010 . , , 380 . . 2010 . 60 . , -. , , : 51 100 .
[1, 95]. . . , . , . , (35% 97% ).
, , , - - . , ( ), .
.
.
. (punycode:.xn--p1ai; ) . . .ru , . .
, 32- ICANN . .
27 2008 33- ICANN ..
30 2009 .
16 2009 RU . ICANN.
:
5 24 2009 . .
25 2009 11 2010 ( 1) . .
12 14 2010 ( 2) . , .
15 16 2010 ( 3) , , . . 2010-10/65 13.07.2010.
11 2010 ( ) . 30 2010 . 11 2010 12:00 UTC+03:00.
|
|
25 2009 . , 25 2010 , ( ). , 2010 . 24 11 .
. DNS 12 2010 17:20 . . , . 12 13 2010 , . .. .
31 2010 : ., ., . .. .
14 2010 .. , , .
25 2010 , ., , ., . . . . .
28 2010 . .ru,.com,.travel, , . ( kremlin.ru), . ( government.ru), . ( www.cctld.ru), . , . . , . yandex.ru, . mail.ru, . google.ru.
2010 14 . , 15 . , . . , , 11 2010 .
16 2010 , ., REG.RU Firmbook, .. - . , . -. , 25 2009 16 2010 . / , (), .
. 11 2010 .
2012 .. , 19 2012 . 40 900 . , .
.
( ., .ru), .su, , .su , .ru, -, . , , , . , , ..
, . , 264 ( ., ., ., . ), , 66 . ..
11 2010 . . , . , . , , . .
2010 . , , , , , . . 19 2010 , RU-Center, . RU-Center 65 . . , 25 ., . , , . : , . RU-Center, 366 . .
- , , -, , , , , . . . ..
1 2011 ( ) - . . - . - 239 . , . .
1 2011 RU-CENTER . 2012 , .