.
(n + l) .
(n + l) , , n ( ).
, (n + l) (. 4.2 . 4.6).
4.2
̳ | 㳿 4 f - 5 d - | 㳿 5 f - 6 d - | - | ||||||||||||||||
ϳ | 1s | 2s | 2p | 3s | 3p | 4s | 3d | 4p | 5s | 4d | 5p | 6s | 4f | 5d | 6p | 7s | 5f | 6d | 7p |
n | |||||||||||||||||||
l | |||||||||||||||||||
n + l |
. 4.6. 㳿 (n + l).
. 4.6, 㳿 4 s - 3 d -, 5 s - 4 d - 5 p - 4 f - ( (n + l)), n.
. (n, l, m, s) , (n, l, m) , , (s , ). . . 4.7. 0 (½ + ½ = 0), +½.
. 4.7. () .
ʳ (N) (n), N = 2n2, n .
, (n = 1) N = 2×12 = 2 1 s -, (n = 2) N = 2×22 = 8 (2 2 s 6 2 p ) .. (. 4.3).
4.3
m | ʳ | |||||
K (n = 1) | s (l = 0) | |||||
L (n = 2) | s (l = 0) p (l = 1) | 1, 0, +1 | ||||
M (n = 3) | s (l = 0) p (l = 1) d (l = 2) | 1, 0, +1 2, 1, 0, +1, +2 | ||||
N (n = 4) | s (l = 0) p (l = 1) d (l = 2) f (l = 3) | 1, 0, +1 2, 1, 0, +1, +2 3, 2, 1, 0, +1, +2, +3 |
|
|
, , .
ͳ, 7 . 2 1 s- i 2 s -, 3 2 p- :
, , (+3/2). , . ͳ, , .
.
I. :
. . ;
, , ;
,
, N=2n2 , :
1. (s-;p-) .
2. ( Cu, Ag, Au, Cr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, , Pd );
3. .
II. :
1 .
:
1s<2s<2p<3s<3p<4s<3d<4p<5s<4d<5p<6s<4f<5d<6p<7s
2. (. . ) .
. , :
Cr: 1s22s22p63s23p64s13d5, 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d4,
. . 4s- 3d-.
III. .
- , s- , s-. 2 , I II .
- , p- , p-. 6 ( I VII), III-VIII .
- , d- , d-. IV, V, VI .
|
|
- , f- , f-. f-
41
, . ( ), ( , , ) (l, r, Ͳ, HNO3, H2SO4()). .
.
, (), .
г . , 0 1. . , .
, , . , 0,1 30 %, , 3% . , , .
, (, ), .