L=mvr = nħ (n=1,2,3,),
; r ; v ; ; ħ .
, n- ,
,
ε0 .
, λ υ , ,
, ,
R' R (R'=1,097∙107 -1; R =c∙R' =3,29∙1015 -1); m m ; n (n=l , n=2 , n=3 . .). n=m+l, m+ 2, m+3 . .
,
,
,
Ei : Ei=2πhħR=13,6 .
, , :
) (n << c; p= m 0 n)
l = 2 pħ / p
) ( ;
:
)
) , E 0 .
n = w/ k
w ; k (k = 2p/l).
.
:
E=ħw, p = ħ k,
; ; k ;
ħ - (ħ =h/ (2p) =1,05.10-34 .).
:
) D p D x≥ħ D p x ; D x ;
) D E D t ≥ ħ, D E ; D t .
N=N0e-λt,
N t; N0 , ( t=0); ; λ .
T1/2 , .
T1/2 = ln2/λ = 0,693/λ.
, t,
∆N = N0 - N = N0, (1 - -λt).
∆t << T1/2.
∆N ≈ λN∆t
, :
|
|
τ = 1/λ
, ,
N = (m/M)×NA
m ; ; NA .
( ) , dN , , dt, .
A = -dN/dt = λN,
N
A = λN0e-λt
(t=0)
A0 = λN0.
, :
A = A0e-λt
A , . .
a = A/m.
● , , λ , , :
λ1N1 = λ2N2 = = λkNk..
1. , , n2 1,4, (λ=0,6 ). . d .
. 2
. , , SA. , ε1 0, . 2. A . AS1 BCS1 L, F .
(n1= 1,00029) (n2 =1,4), , , (n3 =1,5), , , . AS1 A π π BCS2 . , F , , .
, , Δ ; Δ=(2 k +1)(λ /2).
. 2,
Δ= l2n2 l1n1 =(| | +| |) 2|AD | n1.
,
(| | +| |) 2|AD | n1 =(2 k +1)(λ /2).
ε1 , , AD 0 (| |+|| 2d, d . ε1=0
Δ=2 dn2 =(2 k +1)(λ /2),
.
k =0,1,2,3,, :
|
|
..
2. λ =0,6 . l =1 10 . θ .
. , , , . , . , 1 2 (. 3) .
, ;
Δ=(2k+1) (λ/2), k =0,1,2,. (1)
Δ (2dn cosε2) (λ/2).
. 3
λ/2 , . (1) Δ,
2dkn cos ε 2 + λ/2 = (2k + 1) (λ/2), (2)
(n =l,5); dk , , k; ε2 .
, , , ε2 , a cos ε2 =1. (2),
2dkn = kλ (3)
k dk k+10 dk+10. , 10 l =1 . (. 3)
θ=(dk+10 dk)/ l, (4)
- sin θ = θ ( θ ).
dk dk+10 (3), (4) ,
θ=5 λ/(nl).
θ=2∙10-4pa.
θ . (. . 6); 1 =2,06"∙105, . .
θ=2∙10-4∙2,06''∙105=41,2'',
θ = θ, θ = .
41,2".
3. r =1 λ=0,05 . , , . bmax , .
. , , , . , .
, , . . , , . 4 , , .
. 4 , O 2 ( λ /2) , bmax.
.
, λ<< bm , λ2, ,
r2 =2λ bmax. bmax =r2/(2λ). ,
bmax=1 .
4. =0,1 (λ==0,6 ). l , , , , L =l .
|
|
. . (. 5).
φ,
a sin φ= k λ, (1)
k ; .
: l=2L tgφ. , tg φ sin φ,
. 5
l =2L sin φ. (2)
sin φ (1) (2):
l=2Lkλ/a. (3)
(3), l =1,2 .
5. λ=0,5. , L =l . l , , 20,2 (. 6). : 1) d ; 2) n 1 ; 3) , ; 4) φ m , .
1. d , λ φ , k- ,
dsin φ= k λ, (1)
k , .
k =1, sin φ=tg φ ( , l /2<< L), tgφ=(l /2) L ( . 31.3). (1)
. 6 ,
d =2 L λ/ l.
,
d =4,95 .
2. 1
=1/ d.
n =2,02-103 -1.
3. , , kmax , 90.
(1)
. (2)
,
Kmax =9,9.
k . , 10, sin φ , . , km =9.
, . , km, . . 2 km. ,
N =2 kmax +l.
km
N =2∙9+1=19.
4. , , (2) :
sinφmax= kmax λ/ d.
φmax=arcsin(kmax λ/ d).
λ, d, km ,
φ m =65,4.
6. , λ=500 , . 1) Me ;
|
|
2) , ; 3) ( ), 1 .
: 1. Me
Re=sT4 (1)
. λm=b/T. (1),
Re=s (bλm)4, (2)
(2),
Re =64 /2.
2. , , S .
= 4πr2Re, (3)
r
(3) π, r Re ,
=3,9∙1026 .
3. ( ), t=1 , , =2. , t, ( ) =t. , = 2, = /2
,
m = 4,3∙109 .
7. λm, , 0,58 . (rλ,T)max, ∆λ=1, λm.
.
(rλ,T)max = 5. (1)
λm =b/, =b/λ
(1),
(rλ,T)max=C(b/λm)5,
. 24 , ∆λ=1 . , 1 , :
=1,30∙10-5 /(35)=1,30∙10-5 /(2∙∙K5) =
=1,30∙10-14 /(2∙∙5).
(2)
(rλ,T)max=40,6 /(∙).
8. vmax , : 1) λ1 =0,155 ; 2) γ- λ2=2,47 .
. :
ε =A+Tmax (1)
ε = hc/λ, A =4,7 .
, ,
T= ½ m0v2 (2)
= (mm0)c2 (3)
, : ε 0 , (2); ε 0 , (2) , (3)
1. ε = hc/λ h, λ , ,
ε1 = 8 .
(0,51 ). , (1)
(2) ε1=A+ ½ m0v2max,
(4)
, (4): ε1=1,28×10-18 ( ); A=4,7 = 4,7×1,6∙10-19 = 0,75∙10-18 ; m0=9,11×10-31 .
(4), :
vmax =1,08 /.
2. γ-:
ε2=hc/λ2 = 8,04 = 0,502 .
(A = 4,7 ) γ-, , :
Tmax = ε2=0,502 .
, ,
E0=m0c2.
|
|
,
,
β = 0,755.
, , γ-,
vmax=cβ=226 M/c.
9. λ0 , λ=400 vmax 0,65 /.
. , λ0 , , , . ε =A+T
ε = A, hc/ λ0 =A.
λ0 =hc/A. (1)
:
(2)
, : h=6,62∙10-34 ∙; = 3∙108 /; λ=400 =4∙10-7 ; m=9,11∙10-31 ; v = 6,5∙105 /.
(2) ,
A=3,05×10-19 = 1,9 .
A, h (1) :
λ0=651 .
10. λ = 663 =0,6 . F , , N , t=5
S :
F=pS. (1)
P=Ee(ρ+l)/c. (2)
(2) ae (1),
F= [(EeS)/c]∙(ρ+1). (3)
Ee S , , (3)
F = (/)∙(ρ+1).
, ρ=1 ( ),
F==4 .
N , ∆t ,
N=∆W/ε = ∆t/ε,
∆W , ∆t
(ε =hc/λ),
N= λ∆t/(hc).
,
N= 1019 .
11. λ=500 , p=10 . : 1) , 2) n1 , 1 2 1 .
. 1. , w ε :
n=w/ε (1)
p=w(1+ρ), , ρ- ,
w = p/(ρ+1). (2)
w (2) (1),
n = ρ/[(ρ+1)∙ε]. (3)
υ, , λ:
ε = hυ = hc/λ (4)
(3), :
n = (ρλ)/[(ρ+1)∙ε]. (5)
ρ .
(5),
n=2,52∙1013 -3.
2. n1 , 1 2 1 , n1=N/(St), N , t S. N=ncSt, ,
n1=(ncSt)/(St)=nc
,
n1=7,56∙1021 -2∙-1.
12. θ=90. ε ' 0,4 . ε .
.
λ`-λ = 2×[(2πħ)/(mc)]×sin2(θ/2). (1)
(1) : 1) λ' λ ε' ε , ε = 2πħc/λ; 2) .
2nħc, :
ε = 1,85 .
13. ε =0,75 θ=60. , , : 1) ε' ; 2) ; 3) .
. 1. , :
λ' λ ε' ε ,
(1)
2πħc:
, c2 ,
,
ε'=0,43 .
2. , , ε ' :
T = ε - ε` = 0,32 .
3. , , ' mv:
p = p'+mv.
.. , . φ .
OCD
=ε/ '='/,
(2)
. 7
(2) , φ ε θ, .
(3)
(2) ε/ε' (3):
, sin θ=2sin(θ/2)cos(θ/2) 1cosθ=2sin2(θ/2),
(4)
(4) tg φ =0,701, φ=35.
14. ( ) .
. , r v vr=ħ. , , n=1
mvr=ħ. (1)
r v . . , . .
( m ),
(2)
(1) (2) r
r = 4πε0 ħ/(me2).
ħ, , , :
r = = 5,29∙10-11 .
(1) :
υ= ħ /(mr).
,
υ = 2,18 /.
15. ε , ( ) .
. ε , ,
.8 |
Ei ; m=1,2,3,... , (. 8); n=m+1;
m+2;... , . m=3; n= 3+2=5.
, :
ε = 0,97 .
16. , , U. l : 1) U 1= = 51 ; 2) U 2= 510 .
. l
l = 2 pħ/p (1)
, . ( T << E 0) ( T E 0 ) :
; (2)
(3)
(1) (2) (3) :
; (4)
(5)
, U 1 = 51 U 2 = 510 , , (4) (5) .
, , U,
T = | e | U.
T 1 = | e |(U 1 = 51 = 0,51×10-4 , E 0 = m 0 c2 = 0,51 . , (4).
, T1 = 10-4 m 0 c 2. (4),
, lC, .
lC = 2,43×10-12 ,
2= ½½ U 2 = 510 = 0,51 , . . . , (5).
, 2 =0,51 =mc2, (5)
l ,
l2=1,4 .
17. = 1 , = 3,65 /. , , , L = 10 .
. , l, , ,
l = 2pħ/(mu). (1)
a sin j = (2 k +1)(l/2), (2)
k = 0, 1, 2, 3,... ; a .
(k =1) j , sin j = j, , , (2)
aj = 3/2l, (3)
, . 9,
x = 2L tg j = 2Lj, (4)
tg j = j.
(1)
.
(5)
x = 6 10-41=60 .
18. . , θ . 64, , . d 200 , λ ν.
. , :
2d sin θ = kλ
d : θ ; k ; λ . ,
λ = (2 d sin θ)/k.
,
λ =360 .
λ = 2πħ/(mν) :
ν = 2πħ/(mλ)
π, ħ, m ( ), ,
v=2 /.
19. 10 . , .
.
ΔxΔp ≥ ħ (1)
Δ x ; Δ .
, , , , . l, - : Δ x = l /2. (1) (l/2} Δ p ≥ ħ,
l ≥ 2 ħ /(Δ ) (2)
Δ p, , , . .
Δ p ≤ p
Δ p ( l). (2) ,
lmin = 2ħ/
, lmin = 124 .
20. , ∆λ . τ 10-8 , λ 600 .
. 10 |
. () . , , (. 10). ,
τ ~ ħ
= ħ / τ
, , , , . . ∆ε = .
∆ε = ħ/ τ (1)
λ
ε = 2πħc/λ
∆ε (∆ε << ε) ∆λ (∆λ<<λ)
∆ε = (2)
( ).
?. . ^ (2) (1),
:
∆ λ = 2 10-14 =20
21. 0 27Mg m=0,2 , t=1 . , .
.
0 = λN0 (1)
λ ; N0 (t=0).
,
(1)
:
A0=5,15×1012 =5,15.
A=A0 e-λt (3)
(3) λ ,
A=A0 e-ln2*t/T1/2 =A0 (eln2)-t/T1/2
eln2 = 2
A=A0 /2t/T1/2
, A=8,05×1010 = 80,5 .
22. T1/2 . ∆t = 1 (t=0) ∆n1=250 , t=1 - ∆n2=92 . λ T1/2 .
. ∆n, ∆t, ∆N.
,
∆n1=k∆N1=kN1(1-eλ∆t), (1)
N1 ; k ( ).
(, )
∆n2=k∆N2=kN2(1-eλ∆t), (2)
N2 .
(1) (2) , ∆t , N1 N2. N2 = N1 e-λt,
∆n1/∆n2=eλt (3)
t , . l (3) : In(∆n1/∆n2)=λt,
λ = (1/t)×ln(∆n1/∆n2).
, , c:
λ = (1/1)×ln(250/92)-1 = 1-1;
T1/2 = ln2/λ = 0,693/1 = 0,693 = 41,5 .
5
1. (n =1,3), , . d λ =0,55 ?
2. (n =1,55) . α =2/. , b =0,3 .
3. 0,2/. λ =0,55 . .
4. (n =1,6) . , , 0,5 . , λ =0,55 , .
5. R1 R2 . m - , , rm λ. rm, R1 =1,4 ; R2 =2,7 ; λ =0,59 ; m =11.
6. R1, R2. λ, m - rm. rm, R1 =1,1 ; R2 =3,2 ; λ =0,55 ; m =5.
7. R1, R2. λ, m- rm. rm, R1 =1,4 ; R2 =2,3 ; λ =0,59 ; m =12.
8. r. b . , , x λ. r, b =2,4 ; x =0,95 ; λ =0,63 .
9. r. b . , , x λ. x, b =1,7 ; r =3,5 ; λ =0,55 .
10. r. b . , , x λ. b, x =1,3 ; r =2,2 ; λ =0,59 .
11. r =1 0,5 . , , . bmax , .
12. 3 . .
13. (λ =0,5 ) d =1 . b , : 1) ? 2) ?
14. , =0,05 (λ =0,6 ). .
15. 24000 Å 8000 Å. ?
16. 2000 . : 1) λ =6000 Å; 2) 5900 Å 6100 Å. , , 6000 Å.
17. , t =5 , W. S =5,5 2, λ =1,6 . W.
18. d =1,5 . , I =35 U =220 , . , , =870 . .
19. 1000 2, ( ) 0,8 0 .
20. , 727 , 1 4 1 2. ( ) , , .
21. 1) ? 2) , . 5800 .
22. 1000 . 100 , 100 . ?
23. 1000 3000 . 1) ? 2) , ?
3) ?
24. (λ =500 ) 10-8 . , .
25. (λ =662 ) /2. .
26. λ . .
27. (λ =550 ) =20 ?
28. I, , =10 .
29. , , =600 . r =1 d =2 . ,