́ ́ , , . . , . , . , ( ) . , , . , , . ( " " - ).
4 , :
n | : 1, 2, 3... | ||
l | 0 n-1 | ||
m | -l +l | ||
ms | +½ -½ |
n:
- ;
- .
n, . n, - . l ()
, n. l 0 n-1. , n=2: l=0 l=1
l , n - |
, n, l :
l | |
0 1 2 3 4 | s p d f g |
: 2s; 3p; 3d
m
. -l +l ( 0). :
l=0 : m=0. , s- .
l=1: m=-1;0;+1 - p- .
l=2: m=-2;-1;0;+1;+2 - d- . ms - . : +½ -½.
|
|
:
n | l | m | ms | |
1s | +½ -½ | |||
2s | +½ -½ | |||
2p | -1 0 +1 | +½ -½ +½ -½ +½ -½ | ||
3s | +½ -½ | |||
3p | -1 0 +1 | +½ -½ +½ -½ +½ -½ | ||
3d | -2 -1 0 +1 +2 | +½ -½ +½ -½ +½ -½ +½ -½ +½ -½ |
(n=1) s-, 2 +1/2 -1/2. s- : 1s; 2s; 3s
(n=2) s; p. (n=3) - : s, p, d. .. . 2p- ( ), . .. 6 p-.
3d - 10 d- . , . (, ) - , , λ = h/, h = 6.610-34 . , . ( - , 1923 .). m v << ( ), = mv λ = h/mv. - . 200 , 3 /, ≈10-31 , . . , , 100 , ≈10-8 , .
m, E,
́ ( ́) ( ), (. ), (, , , ). [* 1] . , 1927 ., .