Unit 1.
Fruit Growing
Text A: “Pomology”
Text B: “The Cherry”
Text C: “The Apricot”
I. Vocabulary notes:
1. breeding - выведение
2. pomology – помология, плодоводство
3. species – виды
4. correct layout of the orchard – правильная планировка сада
5. high yielding and long hived - высокоурожайный и живучий
6. scorching wind – ветер суховей
7. shelter belt – лесозащитная полоса
8. sprinkling, spraying – опрыскивание
9. burning bonfires – горячие костры
10. fruitage – плодоношение
11. autumn leaf shedding – осенний листопад
12. propagation – размножение
13. small fruit – мелкоплодные
14. straw berry – земляника
15. raspberry – малина
16. gooseberry – крыжовник
17. to protect – защищать
18. to spray with chemicals – опрыскивать химикатами
19. blossoming – цветущие
20. to conduct – вести
21. a peach – персик
22. a pear – груша
23. an apricot – абрикос
24. a plum – слива
25. herbicides – гербициды
26. truck crops – огородные культуры
27. weeds - сорняки
28. insect pests – насекомые вредители
29. disease – болезнь
II. Group the following words according to the parts of speech they belong to, paying attention to the suffixes, then translate them:
propagation, naturally, selection, breeding, variety, improving, wonderful, achievement, clearly, important, production, preparation, comparatively, plantation, fertilizer, highly, spraying, various, sprayer, sprinkling, effective, blossoming, application, factor.
III. Give Russian equivalents to the following words:
naturally, selection, variety, species, production, apricot, citrus, fruit, lemon, orange, grapefruit, preparation correct, factor, plantation, protect, chemical, effective, application.
IV. Determine where, the word “plant” is a noun where it is a verb and explain your answer:
his plant; they plant; a good plant; you plant well; this plant is better; plant better.
V. Complete the gaps in the sentences with the appropriate words from the list given below:
Apples, pears, peaches, apricots, fruit quality, berries, breeding pomology, high-yielding, choice, of site; strawberry, small fruit, plum, cherry, raspberry, gooseberry.
1…. of new species of plants is very important for fruit growing.
2…. embraces the production of fruit.
3…. is one of the main factors for … plantations.
4…. and … are small fruit.
5. The …, the …, the … are tasty berries.
6. Fruit-growing embraces the production of the…, the…, the…, the….
7. The goals of fruit tree improvement include enhancement of….
VI. Make up sentences of your own with the following words and word combinations:
fruit propagation, plant breeding, plant variety, fruit growing, correct layout of the orchard, shelter belt, long-lived plantation, fruitage, autumn leaf shedding, small, fruit, plant protection, truck crops, strawberry, raspberry, gooseberry, apple, pear, peach, apricot lemon, orange, grapefruit, cherry, plum, blossoming, herbicides, weeds, insect, pests, high yields.
VII. Try to translate the following sentences paying attention to the infinitive.
1. It is not easy to grow any plants.
2. Sprinkling is effective during blossoming in spring to protect the trees against late frost.
3. To protect the trees from diseases and insect pests is highly important.
4. We want to do planting in autumn.
5. Our main task is to make a correct layout of the orchard.
6. These are trees to be grown on the farm.
7. To breed new species of plants the farmer must use selection.
8. A persistent struggle with weeds has to be conducted to have a good tree – growth.
9. To get high production of fruit the farmer should protect the orchard from cold wind.
VIII. Give Russian equivalents to the following words and words combinations:
plant cultivation, apple-production, plant breeding, soil preparation, fruit-growing, tree plant, tree protection, fruit propagation, truck crops, hybrid, zone, agriculture, fruit producing, climate, atmospheric, practically, immune, popular, region, tendency, distance, commercial, central, form, adopt, experiment, globe.
IX. Read text A: “Pomology”, and answer the questions given below.
1. What is pomology?
2. What are the main factors for high yielding plantations?
3. What should be the site for orchard?
4. What is important for young trees?
5. What purpose are herbicides used for?
6. What does fruit – growing embrace?
7. What does Michurin show with his wonderful achievements?
8. How many fruit – trees do you know?
9. What small fruit do you know?
10. Name some berries and citrus fruit.
Tex A
POMOLOGY.
Fruit - growing (pomology) is the part of growing, improving, and preparation of fruits. It naturally begins with selection or breeding of the best varieties of plants.
Pomological research is mainly focused on the development, cultivation and physiological studies of stone fruit trees. The goals of fruit tree improvement include enhancement of fruit quality, regulation of production periods, and reduction of production cost.
Pomology has been an important area of research for centuries.
Michurin with his wonderful achievements clearly shows how important the selection and breeding of new species of plants are. Fruit- growing embraces the production of the apples, the pears, the peaches, the apricots, citrus fruit (lemons, oranges, and grapefruits); so-called small fruit, as the plum and the cherry; along with such berries as the strawberry, the raspberry, the gooseberry.
Choice of site, soil preparation and correct layout of orchard are the main factors for long-lived and high-yielding plantation. The site should be comparatively warm, protected from cold, as well as scorching wind, so that shelter-belts are often made to surround the orchard. The best ammonium sulphate, super phosphate and potash salts.
It is highly important to protect young trees from diseases and insect pests. This is done by spraying with various chemicals out of sprinklers or sprayers. Sprinkling is also effective during blossoming in spring to protect the trees against late frosts, though burning bonfires is also used for this purpose. During the first years after an orchard is planted truck crops are grown in the inter rows, but this cannot be done when the fruitage begins.
After autumn leaf shedding the ground under the trees is ploughed under. During the whole lifetime of the orchard a persistent struggle with weeds has to be conducted. This is done by means of hoeing along with the application of herbicides.
X. Give the definitions to the following statements:
1. The art of growing, improving and propagation of fruit.
2. The production of fruit and berries.
3. Soil preparation, choice of site.
4. Barn yard manure, ammonium sulphate, potash salt.
XI. Give English equivalents to the following words and words combinations:
- плодоводство, планировка сада, листопад, гербициды, сорняки, огородные культуры, защищать, размножение, опрыскивать химикатами, отбор, сорт (вид), разбрызгиватель, цветущие, мелкоплодные, плодоношение, обработка, вспахивать, рыхление, высокоурожайный.
XII. Translate following sentences into English:
1. Улучшение фруктовых деревьев улучшает качество фруктов.
2. Сады часто окружены лесными полосами.
3. Выбор участка и правильное планирование сада является главным фактором закладки плантации.
4. Защита молодых деревьев от болезней и насекомых является еще одним важным фактором в плодоводстве.
5. В садах должна проводится постоянная борьба с сорняками.
6. Мичурин четко показал, как важен отбор и выведение новых сортов растений.
XIII. Try to express the main idea of the text in your own way.
XIV Vocabulary notes:
1. Sweet cherry - черешня
2. Sour cherry – вишня
3. to disseminate – распространяется
4. inhabitant – обитатель
5. Roadside – обочина дороги
6. to thrive – расти
7. dryness – засуха
8. inside – внутренность
9. temperate zone – умеренная зона
10. throughout – повсюду
11. hemisphere – полушария
12. with standing – противостояние
13. to respond to – отвечать на …
14. inconvenience – неудобство
15. neglect – запущенный
16. tilling – обработка
17. injure – повреждать
18. treatment – уход за деревом
19. fail – неудачный
20. fastidious – привередливый
21. to be lacking – испытывать недостаток
22. to be prey – подвергаться
23. hardness – стойкость
24. fungous ills – грибковые болезни
25. to pick – собирать
26. stem – стебель
27. furnish – вызывать
XV Read text B “The Cherry”, and find answers to the following questions.
1. What has cherry been domesticated from?
2. Where is cherry produced?
3. What climate is cherry grown in?
4. What can you say about cherry cultivation?
5. Which sort of cherry is more fastidious?
6. When are commercial fertilizers used?
7. What soil are cherries grown on?
8. Where does the crop thrive best?
9. When are the sweet cherries picked?
10. When are sour cherries picked?
Tex B
THE CHERRY.
Sweet and sour cherries have been domesticated from two old world species: cultivated sweet cherries have come from Prunes Avium and the sour cherries from Prunus Cerasus. The name 'cherry', often as the compound term 'cherry tree', may also be applied to many other members of the genus Prunus, or to all members of the genus as a collective term. The fruits of many of these are not cherries, and have other common names, including plum, apricot, peach and others. The name 'cherry' is also frequently used in reference to cherry blossom. True cherry fruits are borne by members of the subgenus Cerasus, which is distinguished by having the flowers in small corymbs of several together (not singly, nor in racemes), and by having a smooth fruit with only a weak groove or none along one side. The subgenus is native to the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, with two species in America, three in Europe, and the remainder in Asian continent
The majority of eating cherries are derived from either Prunus avium, the wild cherry (sometimes called the sweet cherry), or from Prunus cerasus, the sour cherry.
Varieties of these two species and hybrids between them now encircle the globe in the North Temperate Zone.
For centuries, probably from the beginnings of agriculture, cherries have been valuable fruit producing trees in Europe and Asia, - inhabitants of nearly every orchard and garden as well as common roadside trees in temperate climates.
Sour cherries are suited to many environments, in various soils and withstanding rather better than most orchard fruits heat, cold and atmospheric dryness.
Sour cherries also have fewer insect and fungous than other tree fruits, being practically immune to the dreaded San Jose scale.
Sweet cherries however are much less easily grown. Sweet varieties are all somewhat fastidious as to soils, are lacking in hardness to both heat and cold; are prey to more insects than sour cherries and subject to nearly all the fungous ills.
Sweet cherries are grown on high light, sandy, gravelly or even stony loams, while sour cherries do best on somewhat heavier soils. The former are set 22 to 24 feet apart, the latter 16 to 20 feet.
In soils well adapted to cherry growing, commercial fertilizers are little needed.
Good cultivation, the yearly cover crop, furnishes an abundance of food.
The soil for cherries should be well drained, and the crop thrives best where the weather is moist up to picking time.
Cherries are picked with stems on, the sweet a few days before fully ripe, the sour when practically mature.
XVI Complete the gaps in the sentences with the appropriate word from the text:
1. Sweet and sour cherries have been ….
2. Varieties of these two … and … between them.
3. For …, cherries have been valuable fruit producing trees.
4. Sour cherries also have fewer … and fungous than other tree ….
5. Sweet cherries are much less … grown.
6. Sweet varieties are all somewhat … to soil.
7. Sweet cherries are grown on high light, sandy, gravelly or even story ….
8. Sour cherries do best on somewhat … soil.
9. In soil well adapted to cherry-growing, commercial … are little receded.
10. Cherries are picked with stems on, the sweet a few days before fully …, the sour when practically ….
XVII Match the beginning of the sentences in A with the ending in B, write out complete sentences and translate them:
A. B.
1. The plant producing fertilizes a) in our town next year
2. A lot of fertilizers are produced b) more fertilizers next month
3. To produce more fertilizers c) is not far from our town
4. This plant is to produce d) are applied by our farm
5. Fertilizers produced at this plant f) many new plants are being built
6. A new plant to produce g) at this plant every year
fertilizers will be built
XVIII. Fill the following table with the necessary.
| environment | soils | diseases | derivation | |
| Sour cherries | ||||
| Sweet cherries |
XIX. Thy to express the main idea of the text in your own way
XX. Vocabulary notes:
1. ancient - древний
2. scientific – научный
3. to derive – получать, извлекать, выводить
4. domestication – доместикация, одомашнивание, окультуривание диких растений
5. assumption – принятие на себя (об), вступление (в должность)
6. subsequent – более поздний, последующий, следующий, являющийся результатом.
7. however – как бы ни, однако, тем не менее, не смотря на это
8. range – ряд, линия, цель
9. smooth – гладкий
10. flesh – мякоть, мясо (плода)
11. a stone – косточка (сливы и. т.д.); зёрнышко (плода)
12. a bark – кора (дерева)
13. locality – местность, район, участок, край, место
14. to thrive – процветать, буйно, пышно расти, разрастаться
15. loamy – суглинистый
16. gravelly – состоящий из гравия, усыпанный гравием, засыпанный песком
17. tillage – обработка почвы, возделанная земля, пашня
18. thoroughly – полностью, совершенно, совсем, тщательно
19. to hasten – спешить, торопиться, делать (что-то) в спешке
20. property – имущество, собственность, состояние, свойство, качество, отличительная черта, особенность
21. vigilant – бдительный, бодрствующий, неусыпный, бессонный
22. foliage – листва, листья
23. arsenic – мышьяк
24. lead – свинец
25. shuck – шелуха, лузга, скорлупа, кожица, кожура (фруктов)
26. to shed – ронять терять, сбрасывать, избавляться, распространять, излучать (свет, тепло и т.п.), испускать, издавать
27. petal – лепесток
28. jarring – редкий, неприятный, раздражённый
XXI. Read text C “Apricot”, find answers to the following questions.
1. The apricots are of three species, all probably native of China and Japan, aren’t they?
2. What kind of apricot is the apricot of Europe and America?
3. What is the difference between Russian and European apricots?
4. Now can you describe the Japanese apricot?
5. What does the Japanese apricot demand?
6. What sort of land is ideal for the Japanese apricots?
7. What are the best fertilizers for orchard?
8. What should be done to protect young trees from diseases and insect pests?
9. Is it necessary to grow truck crops in the orchard?
10. When is sprinkling used to be effective?
Tex C
THE APRICOT.
The apricot was known in Armenia during ancient times, and has been cultivated there for so long it is often thought to be native there. Its scientific name Prunus armeniaca (Armenian plum) derives from that assumption. However, the Vavilov center of origin locates the origin of the apricot's domestication in the Chinese region, and other sources say the apricot was first cultivated in India in about 3000 BC. Subsequent sources were often confused about the origin of the species. Loudon (1838) believed it had a wide native range including Armenia, Caucasus, the Himalaya, China, and Japan.
The apricots are of three species. The common apricot of Europe and America is Prunus Armeniaca; smooth at maturity, red and yellow, the sweet and firm flesh free or very nearly so, from the large, smooth flat stone; tree with a round, spreading top, and a reddish, cherry-like or peach-like bark. The Russian apricot is a hardly but smaller-fruited race of this species.
The Japanese apricot, in Japan grown for fruit, is Prunes Mume; fruit is small, yellowish or greenish, the flesh rather hard and dry; tree like the common apricot. The apricot is as hardly as the peach and thrives in similar localities and under the same general cultivation and treatment, but demands very strong soils. The ideal land for this fruit seems to be one that is deep and dry, and loamy or gravelly in character.
The apricot should always be given clean culture. Tillage should be stopped late in summer or early in fall to allow the wood to mature thoroughly. It is best to raise a cover crop in the latter part of July or in August to hasten this maturity and also to protect the roots and to improve the physical properties of the soil.
The most serious enemy of the apricot is the curculio, the same insect that attacks the fruits of plum and peach. This insect seems to have a particular fondness for the apricot, and as the fruit sets very early, the crop may be expected to be destroyed unless the most vigilant means are employed.
The foliage of the apricot, as in the case of the peach, is especially sensitive to the arsenical sprays and therefore entomologists have hesitated to recommend green and arsenate of lead for the control of the curculio.
It is recommended the use of two pounds of arsenate of lead combined with fifty gallons of self-boiled lime-sulfur applied as follows:
First application - about the time the calyces, or shucks, are shedding from the young fruit.
Second application - two or three weeks later, or about one month after the falling of the petals. Another method of control of this insect is by jarring the trees in the same way as with plums and peaches, but the work must even be more thoroughly done than with those fruits.
The apricot is often trained on walls, where the fruit reaches the highest perfection. Care should be taken that the wall does not face the east or the south, or the early-forced flowers may be caught by frost. An overhanging-cornice will aid greatly in protecting from frost.
XXII. Replace the Russian words in the brackets into the English ones in the following sentences:
1. The apricots are of three (сорта), all probably native of China and Japan.
2. The ideal (земля) for this fruit seems to be one that is deep, dry, loamy or gravel in character.
3. The apricot should always be given (чистая) culture.
4. Another (метод) of control of this insect is by jarring the trees in the same way as with plums and peaches.
5. An overhanging-cornice will did greatly in protecting from (мороз).
XXIII. Are these statements true or false?
1. The most serious enemy of the apricot is the curculio.
2. The crop may not be expected to be destroyed.
3. Entomologists don’t recommend anything.
4. The second application- two or three years later.
5. Another method of control of this insect is by jarring the trees in the same way as with plums and peaches.
6. An overhanging-cornice will did greatly in protecting from frost.
XXIV. Complete the gaps in the sentences with the appropriate words from the list given below: perfection, application, use, petals, insect, particular.
1. This … seems to have … fondness for the apricot.
2. It is recommended the … of two pounds of arsenate of lead combined with fifty gallons of self – boiled lime sulfur.
3. Fist … about the time the calyces, or chucks are shedding from the young fruit.
4. Second application – two or three weeks later, or about one month after the falling of the ….
5. Another method of control of this … is by jarring the trees.
6. The apricot is often trained on walls where the fruit reaches the highest ….
XXV. Translate the following words and word combination in to Russian:
Commercial fruit; seeding fruit; gold discovery; best varieties; size of fruit; open air; chief part; interior valleys; low places; springs danger; sea-level; rarely; planted; commercial purposes.
XXVI. Replace the Russian words into the English ones in the following sentences:
1. The apricot in California is one of the leading (коммерческих) fruit.
2. It was apparently (представлен) by the Mission Fathers.
3. Upon these (факты) the apricot rose to wide popularity.
4. The chief part of the apricot crop in California is grown in the interior (долины).
5. In Southern California the apricot succeeds both in the (побережье) and interior valleys.
6. However, there is no relation (между) this early introduction and the expansion that quickly followed the American occupation.
XXVII. Try to express the main idea of the text in your own way.
Unit 2.
Fruit Tree Cultivation
Text A “Fruit – tree cultivation”
Text B “The Apple”
Text C “The Pear”
I Vocabulary notes:
1. set out - высаживать
2. stock – ствол дерева
3. distance – расстояние
4. apart – от
5. dig (dug, dug) – копать
6. nursery – питомник
7. root – корень
8. destroy – разрушать
9. remove – удалять
10. injure – повреждать
11. thorough - тщательно
12. tillage – обработка почвы
13. cover crop – покровная культура
14. clover – клевер
15. alfalfa – люцерна
16. plow – пахать
17. add – добавлять
18. humus soil – перегнойная почва
19. propagation – размножение
20. cuffing – черенок
21. stem cuffing – стеблевой черенок
22. root cuffing – корневой черенок
23. tuber cuffing – клубневой черенок
24. leaf cuffing – листовой черенок
25. possess –
26. grafting – прививка
27. bud – почва
28. twig – побег
29. employ – зд. применять
30. seed – семя
31. scion - привой
32. grafting by approach – прививка сближением
33. dwarf plant – карликовое растение
34. breakage – поломка
35. pruning – обрезка
36. promote – способствовать
37. dormant – специи
II Group the following words according to the parts of the speech they belong to and translate them:
Farmer, horticultural, vegetative, various, propagation, generally, condition, usually, desirable, lightly, dangerous, early, operation, likely, serious, advisable, capable, practical, mechanical.
III Give Russian equivalents of the following words:
farmer, result, distance, system, compensate, practical, recommend, practice, nitrogenous, mechanical, condition, method, vegetative, produce, characteristic, process, varieties, train, season, temperature, subject.
IV Read words and word combinations and then translate the sentences:
1. in the fall or spring The tress may be set either in the fall or in the
осенью или весной spring.
2. to dig from the nursery When the trees are dug from the nursery, ½ to ¾
выкапывать из питомника of the root system is destroyed.
3. horticultural plants Horticultural plants are propagated by two methods.
4. budding окулировка The are many methods of grafting such as:
scion grafting прививка budding, scion grafting, grafting by approach.
привьём
grafting by approach прививка
сближением
5. pruning обрезка Young trees should be pruned to promote rapid
growth and early bearing.
V Try to translate the following sentences paying attention to the Infinitive
constructions:
1. This method of planting is said to be the best one.
2. The teacher asked the student to tell about propagation of horticultural plants.
3. I want him to tell me about pruning of Fruit trees.
4. To give the students the necessary knowledge of fruit-trees cultivation was the
main task of the lessons.
5. This method of propagation is sure to have some advantages.
6. Fruit tress planted in the spring are known to give better results.
7. To compensate for the loss of roots in digging, it is necessary to cut back the top of the trees.
8. Grafting is employed to propagate the variety of fruit.
9. To promote rapid growth and early bearing young trees should be pruned.
10 It is more dangerous to prune in early winter.
VI Read text A: “Fruit-trees cultivation”, find the answers to the following questions:
1. When are the trees to be planted?
2. What does the planting distance depend on?
3. When is the orchard tillage to be done?
4. What methods of propagation do you know?
5. What is cutting?
6. Does cutting have the same characteristics as the parent from which it was taken?
7. What kinds of cuttings do you know?
8. What is grafting?
9. What methods of grafting do you know?
10. What purpose in pruning done for?
Tex A
Fruit – Tree Cultivation
PLANTING. Farmers find one or two year old trees to be better for setting out than older stock. The trees may be set either in the fall or in spring, but in most cases spring planting will give better results. Planting distances vary with the varieties. Apple trees should stand from 32 to 40 feet apart each way in the orchard. The proper distance for setting the apricot trees is about 20 feet apart each way. Plum trees should be planted about 15 to 25 feet apart each way.
When the trees are dug from the nursery, 1/2 to 3/4 of the root system is destroyed. Before planting one should remove broken and injured roots and shorten the longer ones. To compensate for the loss of roots in digging, one should cut back the top of the trees. Practical horticulturists recommend doing tillage of the orchard until July or August, then seeding the orchard down to some nitrogenous cover crops, like clover or alfalfa. These cover crops, when plowed under in the following spring, add humus to the soil, and improve its mechanical condition.
PROPAGATION. Horticultural plants are known to be propagated by two methods: by seed and by vegetative means. In fruit-growing various means of vegetative propagation are generally employed.
CUTTINGS. Cuttings are known to be parts of plants used in place of seed for producing new plants. Under proper conditions they may be set in soil or water, where they take root and produce fruit of very low quality when grown from seed. Plants grown from cuttings are believed to possess the same characteristics as the parent from which they were taken. According to the part of the plant from which such cuttings are taken they may be grouped as stem cuttings, root cuttings, leaf cuttings and tuber cuttings.
GRAFTING. It is the process of inserting a piece of plant, usually a bud or twig, in another, so that it will grow. Grafting is employed to propagate varieties of fruit that will not be developed from seed; to change over orchards, already established, into more desirable sorts, to draft plants, to grow tender plants on hardy roots. There are many methods of grafting, but these may be classified as: budding, scion grafting and grafting by approach.
PRUNING. Young fruit trees should be trained to a desirable pattern so that the side branches develop into strong limbs capable of bearing heavy of fruit without breakage.
Young trees should be pruned as lightly as possible to promote rapid growth and early bearing. Pruning can be best done during the dormant season. It is more dangerous to prune in early winter than later in the dormant season, because very cold temperatures following the pruning operation are likely to result in serious freezing injury to the trees. The mature trees should be pruned first and the young trees last because the latter are more succulent and more subject to freezing injury. It is sometimes advisable with young trees to perform a small amount of training, making only a few cuts to help the trees in assuming a better shape and prevent them from making unnecessary growth in undesired places.
VII Complete the gaps in the sentences with the appropriate words from the list given below: inserting, nursery, spring planting, cover crops, broken, injured roots, cuttings, humus, root system, tillage:
1. In most cases … … will give better results.
2. Before planting one should remove … and … ….
3. When the trees are dug from the … ½ to ¾ … … is destroyed.
4. … … add humus to the soil and improve its mechanical condition.
5. Under proper conditions … may be set in soil or water.
6. Grafting is the process of … a piece of plant in another, so that it will grow.
7. Horticulturists recommend doing … of the orchard until July or august.
VIII Try to explain the following words in English: “planting, cutting”, “grafting”.
IX Give the definitions to the following statements:
1. Parts of plants used in place of seed for producing new plants.
2. The process of inserting a piece of plant, usually a bud or twig.
3. Budding, scion grafting and grafting by approach.
4. Seeds and vegetative means.
X Match the beginning of the sentences in A with the ending in B, write out complete sentences and translate them:
A: B:
1. The trees may be a) recommend the practice of tillage of the orchard until July and August.
2. Planting distances b) the process of inserting a piece of plant, usually a bud or twig.
3. Practical horticulturists c) set either in the fall or in spring.
4. Grafting is d) the dormant season.
5. There are many methods of e) vary with the varieties.
grafting, such as
6. Pruning can be best done during f) budding, scion, grafting and grafting by approach.
XI Try to express the main idea of the text in your own way
XII Vocabulary notes:
1. Outlook – перспектива
2. Wide range – большое разнообразие
3. native – родной
4. adjacent – Europe – соседняя Европа
5. immemorial – незапамятный
6. immensely – чрезвычайно
7. valuable – ценный
8. the French settlers – французское поселение
9. bank – берег реки
10. market – рынок
11. enormous – огромный
12. race – сорт
13. storage – хранение
XIII Read and translate the text B: “The apple”
Tex B
The Apple
The Crab-tree or Wild Apple Tree (Pyrus malus), is the key to the history of apples. It is native to Britain and is the ancestor of all the cultivated varieties of apple trees we grow today. It was the rootstock on which new varieties were grafted when brought from Europe.
It is a tree, which has been grown from before the Norman Conquest. It has spread in its wild state in most countries of Europe and as far as the Caucasus. In Norway, it is found in the lowlands.
The apple is native to southwestern Asia and adjacent Europe. It has been cultivated from time immemorial. Now widely cultivated and immensely variable, the apple is grown in every temperate climate, and is the most important commercial fruit.
There are many valuable varieties of apples. Varieties may be classified according to their season of maturing, as summer, fall and winter. The last group includes varieties of apples, which are best for storage, as they keep the best. Apples of different varieties adapt themselves to a rather wide range of soils, but in general the loams or heavy loams are much better for apples than lighter soils. Planting apple trees should be done any time during the winter and early spring months, October to December being the best months.
Don't add any fertilizer to the soil at this time - it may burn the roots and it will only encourage tree growth at the expense of fruit growth.
Apples have been cultivated in Canada for about 300 years. In the early part of the seventeenth century, the French settlers brought with them seeds and trees to the banks of the St. Lawrence River. In that part of Canada, now the province of Nova Scotia, apple trees were planted early in the seventeenth century.
The production of apples in Canada is large and increases very fast.
The area in Canada over which apples can be grown is very large. Canadians are fully alive to the importance of practicing the best methods of apple-culture and in those parts of the Dominion where the industry is an important one, the methods employed and culture given are equal to those in other countries. The cooperative movement is strong in Canada, and there are many cooperative associations for the buying of horticultural supplies and for the marketing of fruit.
The outlook for apple growing in Canada is bright. The market for Canadian apples appears to be unlimited if the fruit is well packed and properly distributed, and the quantity of apples that Canada is able to produce is enormous.
XIV Put special questions to the following sentences:
1. Before planting one should remove broken and injured roots and shorten the longer ones.
2. The last group includes varieties of apples, which are best for storage.
3. Apples have been cultivated in Canada for about 300 years.
4. In that part of Canada, now the province of Nova Scotia, apple trees were planted early in the seventeenth century ago.
5. The area in Canada over which apples can be grouped is very large.
XV Match the beginning of the sentences in A with the ending in B, write out complete sentences and translate them:
A: B:
1. The apple is native a) native to North America.
2. Certain apples are b) south-western Asia and adjacent Europe.
3. There are many valuable c) is large and increasing very fast.
4. The production of apples in d) is bright.
Canada
5. The outlook for apple-growing in e) if the fruit is well packed and properly
Canada distributed, and the quantity of apples that
Canada is able to produce is enormous.
6. The market for Canadian apples f) varieties of apples.
appears to be unlimited,
XVI Replace the Russian words in the brackets into the English ones in the following sentences:
1. Now widely cultivated and (чрезвычайно) variable, the apple is grown in every temperate climate, and is the most important commercial pomological fruit.
2. Varieties may be (классифицировать) according to their season of maturing, as summer, fall and winter.
3. The last group includes varieties of apples, which are best for (хранение), as they keep the best.
4. In that part of Canada, now the province of Nova Scotia, apple trees were planted in the seventeenth (веке).
5. The area in Canada over which apples can be grown is (очень) large.
6. The marker for Canadian apples appears to be unlimited, if the fruit is well packed and properly distributed, and the (качество) of apples that Canada is able to produce is enormous.
XVII Try to express the main idea of the text in your own way
XVIII Vocabulary notes:
1. to extend – простираться, тянуться, длиться
2. remote – отдалённый район
3. evidence – ясность наглядность, очевидность
4. prehistoric – доисторический
5. raw – сырой
6. approximately – приблизительно
7. genus – род, сорт, вид
8. to originate – брать начало, порождать, создавать
9. to evolve – развёртывать, раскручивать, развивать
10. to diverse – иной, отличный от чего-то различный, несходный
11. subspecies – подвид
12. to derive – получать, извлекать, выводить
13. other wise – иначе, иным образом, по-другому
14. to germinate – давать почки или ростки
15. court – судебное заседание
16. account – отчёт, сообщение, доклад
17. pollination – опыление
18. record – запись
19. to distinguish – различить, распознавать
20. to ship – грузить на корабль, перевозить
21. grip – песок, гравий
22. visible – видимый, очевидный, явный
23. gentle – нежный
24. to consume – истреблять, умножать
25. perry – грушёвый сидр
26. cider – сидр
XIX Read and translate the text C: “The pear”
Tex C
The Pear
The pear is a fruit tree of genus Pyrus.
The cultivation of the pear in cool temperate climate extends to the remote antiqity, and there is evidence of its use as a food since prehistoric times. The pear was also cultivated by the Romans, who did not eat them raw. Pears have been cultivated in China for approximately 3000 years. The genus is thought to have originated in present-day western China in the foothills of the Tian Shan, a mountain range of Central Asia, and to have spread to the north and south along mountain chains, evolving into a diverse group of over 20 widely recognized primary species. The enormous number of varieties of the cultivated European pear (Pyrus communis subsp. communis), are without doubt derived from one or two wild subspecies (P. communis subsp. pyraster and P. communis subsp. caucasica), widely distributed throughout Europe, and sometimes forming part of the natural vegetation of the forests. In England, where an ancient pear tree gave its name to Pirio (Perry Barr, a district of Birmingham) in Domes day, the pear is sometimes considered wild; there is always the doubt that it may not really be so, but the produce of some seed of a cultivated tree deposited by birds or otherwise, which has germinated as a wild-form spine-bearing tree. Court accounts of Henry III of England recorded pears shipped from Rochelle and presented to the King by the Sheriffs of London. The pear is very similar to the apple in cultivation, propagation and pollination. Pears and apples cannot always be distinguished by the form of the fruit; some pears look very much like some apples. One major difference is that the flesh of pear fruit contains stone cells (also called "grit"). Pear trees and apple trees do have several visible differences.According to Pear Bureau Northwest, there are about 3000 known varieties of pears grown worldwide. In the United States only 10 varieties are widely recognized. Pears may be stored at room temperature until ripe. Pears are ripe when flesh around stem gives to gentle pressure. Ripe pears are optimally stored refrigerated, uncovered in a single layer, where they have a shelf life of 2 to 3 days. Pears are consumed fresh, canned, as juice, and dried. The juice can also be used in jellies and jams, usually in combination with other fruits or berries. Fermented pear juice is called perry or pear cider.
XX. Answer the following questions:
1. For how many years have pears been cultivated in China?
2. Did the Romans eat pears?
3. Is the pear very similar to the apple or plum in cultivation, propagation and pollination?
4. Some pears look very much like some apples, don’t they?
5. What is the major difference between the pear and the apple?
6. What do pear trees and apple trees have?
7. How many varieties of pears are widely recognized in the United States?
8. How can ripe pears be stored?
9. For how long can pears have a shelf life?
10. How do we call fermented pear juice?
XXI. Complete the following sentences with the correct preposition.
1. The cultivation of the pear … cool temperate climate.
2. The pear was also cultivated … Roman.
3. Rears have been cultivated China … approximately 3000 years.
4. The pear is very similar … the apple … cultivation.
5. According … Pear Bureau Northwest.
6. The juice can also be used … jellies and jams.
XXII. Math the words in A with their synonyms in B
A: B:
1. temperate 1. area
2. cultivate 2. tell the difference (between)
3. region 3. till
4. world-wide 4. a few
5. distinguish 5. moderate
6. several 6. universal
XXIII. Complete the sentences with the correct form of there is or there are:
1. … any jam in the fridge?
2. How many pears … on the table?
3. … a very good garden near our hotel?
4. … any cheap grocery near here?
5. … a University in Brighton?
6. I am sorry, but … any shops open at this time.
7. … fifty states in the USA.
8. … any pear juice: how about coffee?
XXIV. Complete the sentences with some or any and how do you think, are the sentences true or false?
1. It is a good idea to drink … fruit juice between meals.
2. Water has not got … calories.
3. For a healthy snack, you can eat … nuts or melon.
4. Do not drink … coffee before you go to bed – it is bad for you.
5. It is healthy to put … sugar in your tea.
6. Chocolate has not got … vitamins or minerals in it.
7. It is good to eat … pasta, rice or bread every day.
8. Do not eat … oil – it is very bad for you.
XXV. Make up the situations truing to explain the meaning of the following proverbs:
1. All sugar and honey.
2. He that would eat the fruit must climb the tree.
3. Tree is known by its fruit.
4. No garden without its weeds.
5. A hard nut to crack.
6. A man of words and not of deeds is like a garden full of weeds.
XXVI Try to express the main idea of the text in your own way
Unit 3.
Growing grapes.
Текст А: Site Selection.
Текст В: Vine Propagation.
Текст С: Soil Preparation for Planting.
I. Vocabulary notes.
1. Vineyard - виноградник
2. grapevine — виноградная лоза
3. shade — тень, полумрак
4. impede - задерживать
5. neighboring — соседний, ближайший
6. exposure - выставление
7. valley floor — дно долины
8. bluff — отвесный, крутой участок
9. knoll — возвышенность, бугор
10. shoot — побег, росток
11. water holding capacity — водоудерживающая ёмкость
12. incorporation — внесение, объединение
13. encounter — встречаться, сталкиваться
14. poor vigor — плохой рост (развитие)
15. suseptibility - восприимчивость
16. nutrients — питательные вещества
17. apt — подходящий, подверженный, способный
18. friable – рыхлый, хрупкий
19. vigorous - сильный
20. sod - дёрн
21. drift - скопление
22. right-of-way - обочина
23. lawn — газон, лужайка
24. sandy soil — песчаная почва
25. clay soil — глинистая почва
26. loam soil - суглинок
27. vine - лоза
II. Matche the following English words with their Russian equivalents:
1. establish a. развиваться, расти
2. avoid b. получать
3. perfomance c. склоны холмов
4. thrive d. избегать
5. consideration e. проветриваемый
6. reclive f. сорт
7. fullsides g. длительный
8. variety h. значение, решение
9. airated i. устанавливать, закладывать
10. extended j. производство, выращивание
III. Point out what word cannot be used in these lines:
1. soil, water, land, ground, Earth;
2. a plant, a crop, a tree, an animal, a flower;
3. an ocean, a lake, a continent, a river, a sea;
4. a hill, a knoll, a mountain, a valley, a mound;
5. production, perfomance, manufacture, work, execution;
6. variety, sort, type, kind, brand;
7. grape, vine, wine, beed, shoot;
8. heat, light, temperature, frost, slope.
IV. Read words and word combinations and then translate the sentences:
| 1. a body of water - водоём | Location, near the body of water gives some from protection |
| 2. to become water logged - заболачиваться | Clay soils are apt to become water logged |
| 3. proximity - близость | One final factor which should be considered in site selection is proximity to fields where certain herbicides might be used. |
| 4. vine perfomance — выращивание винограда | Vine performance is dependent upon a need for full sunlight. |
| 5. hardy varieties - устойчивость сорта | Even relatively hardy varieties will usually produce more fruit when given winter protection. |
| 6. north facing slopes — северные склоны | North facing slopes should be avoided. |
V. Read and translate the word combinations:
Full light; north facing slopes; well drained; generally speaking; plant food; increased capacity, miniral deficiency; moisture content; hard clods; under condition; rather cool relative temperatures; resultin; menegeable limits.
VI. Match the words with the definitions:
| 1. to cultivate | a. rich of nutrients; |
| 2. grape growing | b. a compressed, dormant, undeveloped shoot; |
| 3. sandy soil | c. the green growth; |
| 4. rich loam soil | d. to plant, grow, raise; |
| 5. clay soil | e. the relatively permanent part of the vine; |
| 6. bud | f. a labor intensive operation; |
| 7. trunk | g. drained slowly; |
| 8. spur | h. well arated |
| 9. shoots | i. the sum total of the leaves and the shoots; |
| 10. canopy | j. a cane pruned to buds. |
VII. Read and translate text A. Divide the text into the sense groups and give the title to every group.
Tex A
Site Selection
The first step in establishing a vineyard is the selection of site. This should be done carefully, as grapevines have special needs and future problems can be avoided by choosing a favorable site. Vine performance is depend upon a need for full sunlight, freedom from late spring and early fall frosts, good air drainage, mid-winter low temperatures and soil.
Grapevines thrive on sunshine and heat. In selecting the vineyard location, perhaps the most important single consideration should be that the vines receive as much light as possible. Even slight shading will reduce the crop potential and impede ripening of the fruit. Care should be taken so that the vines will receive full sun during the day or nearly all day. Neighboring trees that could cast shade on the vineyard should be avoided or removed. South, southeastern and southwestern slopes will allow more complete penetration of sunlight into the vine rows than other exposures. North facing slopes should be avoided as there will be less incident light and less heat absorbed at the vineyard floor.
Another important element in the decision should be temperature protection from frosts. Valley floors and other low areas should be avoid since cold air flows downhill. Hillsides and the tops of bluffs or knolls are recommended. Late spring frosts can kill young shoots and reduce the crop; early fall frosts can cut short the growing season and stop the fruit from fully ripening. Location near the body of water gives some frost protection due to the large heat retaining capacity of water.
The means of preventing or reducing mid-winter cold injuries are in proper site selection, the use of selected management techniques such as mulching, avoiding over-cropping, maintenance of moderate vine size and prevention of autumn shoot growth. The need for more careful management techniques increases as a grower selects varieties more susceptible to cold injury. Due to the regularity of severe cold at Minnesota sites, winter protection (mulching) should be a major consideration. Even relatively hardy varieties will usually produce more fruit when given winter protection. This topic will be addressed in depth later.
Minnesota has a vide variety of soil types and grapes are being grown on many of them. Soils which will not support other agriculture crops will prove unsuitable for vines as well. Grapeving generally produce their finest fruit in calcareous or slate soils and where soil composition is large grained and consequently well drained. The fact that in various parts of the world grapes are grown commercially in almost all types of soils emphasizes the wide adaptability to soils. However, heavy clays, and very shallow, poorly drained soils should be avoided.
Sandy soils are warm, well aerated, easy to cultivate and are well drained; but they have a low water holding capacity. Generally speaking, the sand portions contain very little plant foods such as potassium, phosphate, magnesium, calcium, etc. Incorporation of organic matter into sandy soils provides an increased capacity for retaining water.
Clay soil retain water and plant nutrients; however, they usually drain slowly and are apt to become water logged. These should be cultivated only when they have reduced moisture content or hard clods will form. Under some rainfall conditions, clay soils are not as acid as sandy soil, yet under intensive cultivation they may require lime to make the soil more friable. Clay soils also can have rather cool relative temperatures. Heavy clay soils also can result in slow vine growth.
Rich loam soils may contain more than adequate amounts of nutrients and promote too vigorous vine growth. On these types of soils, the use of permanent sod between rows should be considered to hold vine growth to manageable limits.
One final factor which should be considered in site selection is proximity to fields where certain herbicides might be used, such as 2,4-D. Drift of certain chemicals into the vineyard can be injurious to vines. One should check carefully into this matter before purchasing land near other cropland. Areas often spread with 2,4-D type chemicals are road right-of-way, small grain fields, and lawns.
VIII. Answer the following questions. Discuss your answers with your groupmates.
1. What have you learned from text A.?
2. Do you know that vine performance is depended upon sunlight?
3. Do you think that the selection of the vineyard location is very important? If so, what is the most important in selecting sites?
4. What role does the temperature play in vine performance?
5. Can you say about wide adaptibility of grape to soils? Explain your answer.
6. Based on the information of the text, enumerate the most important aspects for good vine growth. Give reasons for your words.
IX. Match the begining of the sentences in A with the endings in B and write down the complete sentences:
A. B.
| 1. The selection of the site... | a....will prove unsuitable for vines as well. |
| 2. Even slight shading... | b. … should hold vine growth to manageable limits. |
| 3. Late spring frosts... | c. … are not as acid as sandy soils. |
| 4. Soils which will not support other crops... | d. … will reduce the crop potential. |
| 5. The sand portions... | e. … should be done carefully. |
| 6. Clay soils... | f. … contain very little plant foods. |
| 7. The use of permanent sod between rows... | g. can kill young shoots and reduce the crop. |
X.Are these statements true or false? Correct the false ones.
1. Rich loam soils may contain adequate amounts of nutrients and promote too vigirous vine growth.
2. Drift of certain chemicals into the vineyard can be useful to vines.
3. Clay soils can have rather cool temperatures.
4. Early fall frosts cannot cut short the growing season.
5. Sandy soils are warm, well aerated, easy to cultivate.
6. Under some rainfall conditions, clay soils are not as acid as sandy soils.
7. Neighboring trees that could cast shade on the vineyard should be avoided.
XI. Find in the text sentences with model verbs and translate them. Remember model verbs (can, must, should, may, ought, need).
XII. Find in the text equivalents to the next word combinations:
на таких типах почв; благодаря ч-л.; останавливать полное созревание плода; холодный воздух дует вниз; низкая водоудерживающая способность; восприимчивость к засухе; при интенсивной обработке; плохой рост; отдалённое время; когда виноградник станет продуктивным; сильный солнечный свет; закладка виноградника; подходящий участок; простое решение; почти весь день; югозападный склон; теплоудерживающая способность воды.
XII. Make up the plan of the text “Site selection”.
XIV. Retell the text about site selection for the vineyard, using the plan to this text (ex.13).
XV. Read the text with out dictionary and answer the question:
How many vines are there?
How many Vines
When determining the number of vines to plant, space may be a restricting factor. However, if considerable space is available, one can determine the number of vines needed by the amount of fruit desired. Healthy, mature vines should yield from 5 to 20 pounds of fruit per vine, or from two to six tons per acre. If the grapes are intended for vine, this would be about ½ to 1 gallon (10 to 20# fruit=1 gallon wine) of wine per vine. Although the crop will vary, this is a rough estimate of potential production. Another factor to be considered is the amount of labor involved is such tasks as cultivation, spraying, pruning and winter protecting the vines. If all these chores are done by hand, one or two acres (600 – 1200 vines) will require significant time allocation, especially in fall and spring.
XVI. Read text B. Find the main ideas of the text.
Divide it into two parts, give title to every part
Text B
Vine propagation
Grapevines are easy to propagate from hardwood cuttings. Significant cost saving can be enjoyed by the grower who propagates his own vines. But more importantly, a basic knowledge of vine propagation will allow the grower to raise grape varieties that are “experimental” or otherwise simply not available as rooted vines from nurseries in this country. Growing, fruiting, and making wine from new or previously unexplored verities can be an exciting endeavor for both the hobbyist and professional grower. Hardwood cuttings for propagation can be obtained from other Minnesota Grape Growers Association members.
Grape cuttings for propagation should be selected from one-year old canes of vigorous, healthy vines. Cuttings can be taken anytime during the dormant season. However, collecting cutting material before the coldest months of winter will insure that the cuttings and their buds are viable, undamaged by the winter cold. Cuttings should ideally be ¼”-3/8” in diameter and 9”-12” in length, and include three or four buds. The easiest way to store hardwood cuttings over the winter is to pack them in a double plastic bag containing an ample amount of damp (not wet) peat moss. Then, simply store them in the refrigerator at a temperature of 32 – 35 degrees F. Alternatively, cuttings can be bundled and buried under 6’’ – 10’’ of garden soil, and exhumed for planting in the spring.
As soon as the soil warms in the spring, the grape cuttings can be set out for rooting. Deep spading of the nursery site will make an easier job of digging the vines the following spring. Cuttings root especially well under black plastic. Simply roll out the plastic and poke the cuttings through into the soil below. Only the top bud of the cutting should be left above the plastic. Grown in this manner, the young vines require very little attention except occasional watering and attention to any mildew problems.
Notes:
1. hardwood cuttings – затвердевший черенок
2. roofed vines – укоренившийся виноград
3. unexplored – неисследованный
4. endeavor – попытка, стремление
5. ample – обильный
6. poke – зарывать
7. hardpan – твёрдый подпочвенный слой
8. rototilling – обработка почвы
9. plow sole – пахатный слой
10. access – доступ
11. mold board plow – отвал плуга
12. subsoiler prior – предшественник
XVII. Read, remember parts of the vine.
Parts of the Vine
Trunk - The relatively permanent, above ground part of the vine.
Bud - A compressed, dormant, undeveloped shoot. Buds form in the axel of each leaf on developing shoots, lie dormant during winter, and begin growing the following year.
Shoots - (fruiting shoots) green growth that starts from a bud in the spring.
Canopy – The sum total of the leaves plus the shoots of the vine.
Cane – A mature, woody shoot after leaf fall containing buds.
Spur – A cane pruned to four or fewer buds.
Sucker – A shoot that develops from the lower trunk or from underground.
Tendril – A narrow curly growth from shoots that twines around and holds fast to anything it comes upon. Arises opposite a leaf.
Cluster – A group of flowers (spring) or grapes (summer and fall) developing at certain nodes on shoots.
Lateral – A midseason vegetative growth developing in certain leaf axils of fruiting shoots.
XVIII. Read the questions below. Choose the best answer to each question.
1. What should grape cuttings for propagation be selected from?
a) … old poor vines;
b) … one-year old canes healthy vines;
c) … four-year old vigorous vines.
2. How many buds should cuttings include?
a) … one bud;
b) … three buds;
c) … ten buds.
3. How do the growers store cuttings?
a) … in the refrigerator;
b) … bundled and buried under garden soil;
c) … in fresh air.
4. What spading of the nursery site will make an easier job of digging the vines the following spring?
a) … shallow;
b) …deep;
c) … surface.
5. Why should preparation of the soil for planting begin one or even two years before planting?
a) … to eliminate weeds;
b) … to except occasional watering;
c) … to break up existing hardpan.
6. When is the best time to plow?
a) …
