3. .
1. Agriculture is the worlds most important industry because it provides us almost all our food.
2. All grain crops are well adapted machine harvesting and processing.
3. This classification depends the basis of the part the plant that is used food.
4. Beet is a good example a biennial plant.
5. Soils vary greatly their chemical make up.
4. , . .
1. Cotton is one of (valuable) of fibre crops.
2. Our farm is not so (profitable) as yours.
3. Corn grows (well) when it follows red clover.
4. Rye yield is (bad) than it was last year.
5. The (good) is the soil the (high) will be the yield.
5. (Present, PastorFutureIndefinite). .
1. The farmers of my village (to grow) only vegetables and fruits.
2. The Smiths (to go) shopping tomorrow.
3. During the early 1700s the agricultural revolution (to begin) in the United Kingdom.
4. Plants (not to grow) without nutrients and water.
5. Soil (to consist) of the right mixture of minerals, organic matter and helpful microbes.
6. , , .
1. The soil used as a seedbed should be warm, moist and mellow.
2. Lime can correct soil acidity at any time of the year.
3. The farmer will be able to use these fertilizers in a proper way.
4. All field crops may be classified according to the way in which they are used.
5. There is not much time before he has to leave to catch his train.
7. .
Higher Education in Great Britain
Most big towns in Britain have both a university and a college of higher education. There are 91 universities and 47 colleges there. Universities offer three- and four- year courses; the colleges offer both two-year HND (Higher National Diploma) courses, as well as degree courses.
A degree is a qualification one gets from university when he or she passes their final exams. One is then awarded a Bachelor or Master degree in such areas as arts, science or education. Undergraduates students who are studying for degrees go to large, formal lectures, but most of the work takes place in tutorials: lessons in groups of ten or more when the students discuss their work with the lecturer.
Only a quarter of the student population go on to higher education. Competition to get into one of Britains universities is fierce and not everyone who gets A level can go. Students usually need three A levels to go to university and grades at A level go from A, the highest grade, down to F (failed). Students apply to universities months before they take their A levels. The applicants are given personal interviews and the universities decide which of them they want. If applicants do not get the grades a university asks for, they may try another university or college before the new term starts in early October.
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Until 1998, British students did not have to pay for university. Now they must pay about £1,000 a year as a tuition fee. Not all students study full-time at university or college. Many of them combine their studies with work. Some companies release their staff for training one or two days a week or for two months a year. Large companies often have their own in-house training schemes. The British Government is very enthusiastic about such training schemes. It wants at least half the work force to have a formal professional qualification.
8. , (True /False)..
1. There are a lot of universities and colleges of higher education in Great Britain.
2. It is not difficult to enter a BritishUniversity.
3. A Bachelor Degree is awarded after one - two years of study at a university.
4. InBritain a tuition fee was introduced in 1990.
5. British companies prefer to have their own in-house training schemes for their staff.
9. .
Growing potatoes
Potatoes should be grown to a planned crop rotation to keep the soil fertile, maintain the friable texture and organic matter content, and reduce crop loss from insects and diseases. The rotation for potatoes depends on the crops grown in the area. It has been found that the highest potato yield and the best quality are obtained when the potato crop follows alfalfa and is planted on the same land only once in six or seven years.
Fertilization of the potato crop varies greatly on different soil types. A green manure crop preceding potatoes is considered desirable, and animal manure is excellent as a fertilizer. The potato plant responds () well to available nitrogen. Complete fertilizer is generaliy used in commercial potato producing regions, although sometimes nitrogen may not be necessary on muck soils. Where manure is used, the only additional material needed may be superphosphate.
For many years the most commonly followed method of applying fertilizers has been side dressing. But experiments have shown that the use of one half of the fertilizer applied broadcast before plowing, with the latter half applied in the usual manner gives better results than when all is applied as side dressing.
Weed control is also very important. A number of early season annual weeds can be controlled by herbicides applied immediately after planting, before the potatoes come up. Where late season annual weeds are a probiam, herbicides may applied the last cultivation.
10. :
, , , , , , , , , , , , .
11. ( ).
1. Why should potatoes be grocon in a planned crop rotation?
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2. When are the highest potato yield and the best quality obtained?
3. What does the rotation for potatoes depend on?
4. What was the co most commonly followed method of applying fertilizer many years ago?
5. In what way is case is complete fertilizer generally used?
6. What are the two types of annual weeds?
7.
II
1. tobe (am, is, are, was, were, willbe). .
1. Soil a combination of inorganic and organic materials.
2. In two years he an experienced agronomist.
3. These soils fertile enough to produce high yields.
4. The coldest winter 1 remember the winter of 1998.
5. Vegetables important sources of human food.
2. tohave (Present, PastorFutureIndefinite) .
1. Russia practically all the climatic zones.
2. Im sure we high yields of grain crops in this region next year
3. Loam soils advantages of both clay and sandy soils.
4. In the past the breeders (not to have) scientific knowledge which is available now.
5. Last year the farmers much work to do.
3. .
1. There are two broad categories fruits: fleshy fruits and dry fruits.
2. Would you like some berries dessert.
3. Arable farms are mainly the eastern part the country.
4. British agriculture is based modern technology and research.
5. According their life cycle plants are classified as annuals, biennials and perennials.
4. , . .
1. The optimum temperature for cotton is (high) than that for small grains.
2. In crop selection climate (important) environmental factor.
3. Corn is (good) source of grain and forage.
4. This new cultivating method is not so (good) as the old one.
5. The (light) is the soil the (easy) it is cultivated.
5. (Present, PastorFutureIndefinite). .
1. Most farms growing potatoes (to use) potato harvesting machines last year.
2. The above ground portion of plant (to consist) of leaves and stems
3. A group of specialists in plant diseases (to visit) our farm next month.
4. Alfalfa (to increase) the production of meat and milk.
5. The crop (not to grow) well, for the temperature of the soil is too low for it.
6. , , .
1. To get high yields of crops every student of agriculture must know how a plant grows.
2. Sowing wheat one should use high quality seeds.
3. Our agronomist had to examine the seed before sowing.
4. The man of today wants row materials which can be made into useful things and products
5. Soils may vary widely from place to place.
7. .
The Concept of Business
Business is a word which is commonly used in many different languages. But exactly what does it mean? The concepts and activities of business have increased in modern times.
Traditionally, business simply meant exchange or trade for things people wanted or needed. Today it has a more technical definition. One definition of business is production, distribution, and sale of goods and services for a profit. To example this definition, let us look at its various parts.
First, production is the creation of services or processing of materials into products. One example is the conversion of iron ore into metal car parts. Next, these products need to be moved from the plant to the marketplace. This is known as distribution. A car might be moved from a plant in Germany to a car dealership in Poland. Third is the sale of goods and services. Sale is the exchange of a product or service for money. A car is sold to someone in exchange for money.
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Goods are products which people either need or want: for example, cars can be classified as goods. Services, on the other hand, are activities which a person or group perform for another person or organization. For instance, an auto mechanic performs a service when he repairs a car. A doctor also performs a service by taking care of people when they are sick.
Business, then, is a combination of all these activities: production, distribution, and sale. However, there is another important factor, i.e., creation of profit or economic surplus. A major goal in the functioning of any business company is making a profit. Profit is the money that remains after all the expenses are paid. Creating an economic surplus or profit is, therefore, a primary goal of business activity.
The three traditional forms of business are the sole proprietorship, the partnership, and the corporation. The sole proprietorship means going into business for oneself. All one needs is some knowledge about the business, start up capital and knowledge of regulations. The partnership is an association of two or more people involved in business under a written partnership agreement. The corporation is the legal entity having a right to issue stock certificates. The people who own such stock certificates (or shares) are called stockholders (or shareholders). Theyinfactownthecorporation.
8. , (True /False)..
1. Nowadays, the concepts and activities of business have increased.
2. The constituents of business are production, distribution and exchange.
3. Distribution is moving things from the place of production to the market place.
4. A primary goal of any business activity is making a profit.
5. There are two main forms of business organization.
9. .
Demand and Supply
Demand is the quantity of a good that buyers wish to buy at each price1. Other things equal2, at low prices the demanded quantity is higher.
Supply is the quantity of a good that sellers wish to sell at each price. Other things equal, when prices are high, the supplied quantity is high as well.
The market is in equilibrium when the price regulates the quantity supplied by producers and the quantity demanded by consumers. When prices are not so high as the equilibrium price, there is excess demand (shortage) raising the price. At prices above the equilibrium price, there is excess supply (surplus) reducing the price.
There are some factors influencing demand for a good, such as the prices of other goods, consumer incomes and some others.
An increase in the price of a substitute good (or a decrease in the price of a complement good) will be at the same time raise the demanded quantity.
As consumer income is increased, demand for a normal good will also increase but demand for an inferior good will decrease. A normal good is a good for which demand increases when incomes rise. An inferior good is a goodfor which demand falls when incomes rise.
As to supply, some factors are assumed3 as constant. Among them are technology, the input price4, as well as degree of government regulation. An improvement in technology is as important for increasing the supplied quantity of a good as a reduction in input prices.
Government regulates demand and supply, imposing ceiling prices (maximum prices) and floor prices (minimum prices) and adding its own demand to the demand of the private sector.
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1.each price .
2.otherthingsequal
3.are assumed ,
4.inputprice ,
10. :
, , -, -, , , () , , , , , .
11. ( ).
1. What is demand?
2. What is supply?
3. When are the demanded and supplied quantities of goods high?
4. How are prices and the supplied and demanded quantities regulated by the market?
5. Which factors influence demand? How do they work?
6. Which factors influence supply?
7. How can governments regulate demand and supply?
III
1. tobe (am, is, are, was, were, willbe). .
1. Vegetables good sources of minerals and vitamins.
2. Im sure he a good specialist in the field of agriculture in some years.
3. Mr. Brown busy sowing seeds yesterday.
4. The climatic conditions too unfavourable for this crop last year.
5. A cereal a grass growing for its edible grain
2. tohave (Present, PastorFutureIndefinite) .
1. Most fresh vegetables water content in excess of 70 per cent.
2. We a good chance to use this method next year.
3. Each plant two parts: the roots and the above ground portion.
4. Last year the farmer (not to have) enough money to buy a new tractor.
5. I a lot of ideas to help you to solve this problem.
3. .
1. Soil fertility depends the amount of organic matter in it.
2. Spring annuals are planted spring and harvested autumn.
3. Carrots store well cool and moist conditions.
4. Crop rotation is a system growing different kinds crops one another the same time.
5. They decided to meet 7 p.m. Monday.
4. , . .
1. Rye is (productive) on infertile sandy or acid soils than wheat, oats or barley.
2. The yield of root crops is not so (high) in our region as it is in the south.
3. Soils with (little) clay and silt than the loam but (much) sand are called loamy sands.
4. (Rich) potato yield and (good) quality are obtained when the potato crop follows alfalfa.
5. Beets store well under (cool) and (moist) conditions with (moderate) or (little) circulation of air.
5. (Present, PastorFutureIndefinite). .
1. The farm Rassvet (to produce) high quality cotton last year.
2. Alfalfa and clover (to belong) to forage crops.
3. He (to become) an experienced agronomist in some years
4. The life cycle of a plant (to include) all the phases of plant growth.
5. Poor soils (not to contain) adequate amounts of available nutrients.
6. , , .
1. Cultivation should begin as soon as the rows can be seen.
2. Several factors must be considered in determing the rate of planting crops.
3. Fine soils can store enough moisture for crops to grow normally.
4. He had to meet this delegation at the railway station yesterday evening.
5. Soils should not be too acid or too alkiline.
7. .
