In setting up a _____, the first thing to do is to estimate how much _____ will be needed immediately. What fixed _____ will be needed? What current assets?
There is then the question of how long it will be before the product, or _____, becomes established and _____ starts flowing in. This will mean estimating carefully the _____ for this initial period, and how much working capital will be needed _____ them.
The amount needed will _____ entirely upon the type of business, how _____ it is going to be, and how long will it be before the business will begin to pay its way.
10.
.
Model: I know about his returningfrom Moscow.
, .
( ). Returning.
1. I know about his having returned from Moscow.
2. They started working two days ago.
3. His coming so late seemed strange to everybody.
4. We regret his not being sent to the conference.
5. I object to your discussing this problem now.
11. , I (Present Participle) II (Past Participle). .
Model: The study was dimly lit by a candle burningin the adjoining room. , ( ) . Burning, I.
Latin was the ancestor of all the languages mentioned.
. II.
1. Demonstratinghis finds the archaeologist usually gives a detailed description of the excavation site.
2. Being demonstrated at the Institute the new finds produced an
impression.
3. Deprived of the leaders, the English became disorganized.
4. This letter, having been addressed to the wrong house, never reached my friend.
5. Being brought to his lodging, the surgeons examined his wound but
there was no hope; that very evening he died.
12. , (Complex Object) .
Model: , .
He wants me to come on Sunday.
1. , .
2. , .
3. , -.
4. , .
5. (take the drug).
13. (Complex Object), .
cry, cycle, happen, open, run, tell, crawl
Model: Did anybody see the accident _____?
Did anybody see the accident happen?
1. We listened to the old man _____ his story from beginning to end
2. Listen! Can you hear a baby ______?
3. I looked out of the window and saw Tom ______ on his byke along the road.
4. Why did you turn round suddenly? - I heard somebody ______ my name.
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5. We watched the two man across the garden, ______ a window and ______ through it into the house.
14. (Past Perfect).
Model: You went to your friends house but he wasnt there.
(he / go / out)He had gone out.
1. You went back to your home town after many years. It wasnt the same as before. (it / change / a lot)
2. I invited Jane to the party but she didnt come. (she / arrange / to do something else)
3. You went to the cinema last night. You arrived at the cinema late.
(the film / already / begin)
4. I was glad to see Tim again after such a long time. (I / not / see / him for five years)
5. I offered Sue something to eat but she wasnt hungry. (she / just / have breakfast)
15. , - (Future Perfect).
Model: By the time you meet him he (do) a lot of work.
By the time you meet him he will have done a lot of work.
1. They (take) their last exam by the first of July.
2. I hope you (go) to bed by eleven.
3. She (listen) to the poem many times before she understands all the words.
4. We hope the telegram (come) before they start for the South.
5. By 2100 computers (take over) many of the jobs that people do today.
16. , .
Model: He thinks that she will be a good lawyer next year.
He thought that she would be a good lawyer the following year.
1. All of us know that she studied French at school.
2. She says that she will take her English exam in June next year.
3. We don't know where she lived five years ago.
4. He asks us if we know his address.
5. He always tells me that his father was a teacher last year.
17. , .
Model: Did you eat much yesterday? the Captain asked.
The Captain asked if I had eaten much the day before.
1. The investigator asked me: "Do u speak French?"
2. Henry asked Joe "Did your team win or lose the game?"
3. The teacher asked the schoolboy: Are you listening to what I am explaining?
4. He asked her: Will you go abroad when you recover from your illness?
5. Father asked his son: Have you done your homework?
18. , .
Model: He asked her: Which hotel are you staying in?
He asked her which hotel she was staying in?
1. Yesterday she asked me: How long does it take you to get home if you go by bus.
2. The shop assistant asked the customer: What colour dress do you prefer?
3. The young man asked the girl: What time are you going to have dinner tomorrow?
4. Whats the title of the book you are reading? Mary asked Jane.
5. Where did you live before you moved to your new flat? the investigator asked the suspect.
19. , , .
Model: 1. The policeman told the offender: Get out of the car.
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The policeman told the offender to get out of the car.
2. The teacher asked the schoolchildren: Dont open the windows, please.
The teacher asked the schoolchildren not to open the windows.
1. The little boy asked his mother: Dont wake me up so early tomorrow.
2. The manager asked his secretary: Send this message at once, please.
3. Mother asked the child-minder: Dont take the child for a walk, he doesnt feel well yet.
4. The shop assistant offered: Try these pair of brown shoes, please.
5. She told her step-daughter: Go and buy some fruit and vegetables for lunch.
20. . .
Model:
1. Yuri Dolgoruki founded Moscow in 1147.
Moscow was founded by Yuri Dolgoruki in 1147.
. 1147 .
2. They will publish the weather forecast in the evening.
The weather forecast will be published in the evening.
.
1. She will introduce her brother to me.
2. My brother has bought this house for 15 000 dollars.
3. I cant give you a lift (). My car is being repaired at the moment.
4. The teacher explained this grammar rule at the last lesson.
5. They built this house in the 16th century.
1. 1 . , . , , , () .
6, 7. 6, 7 , , , . , , . , , , , .
8. ( 8) (), . .
1. , , , .
:
-er, -or: to write writ er , to invent invent or ;
-ant, -ent: to assist assist ant , to preside presid ent , .
2. , , :
-ist, -ian, -man ( ): to type typ ist , mathimatics ; bar bar man ;
3. , , (, , , ):
a) :
-ion, -tion, -ation, -sion, -ssion: to connect connect ion , to organize organiz ation , to collide colli sion ;
-ment: astonish astonish ment , measure measure ment ;
-ure: press press ure ;
-ance, -ence: depend depend ence ;
-ing ( ): begin beginn ing , read read ing .
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) :
-ness: dark dark ness , effective effective- ness ;
-ity: similar similar ity , special special ity ;
-th ( ): wide wid th , strong str ength , long l ength ;
) :
-dom: free free dom , wise wis dom , king king dom ;
-ism: social , social ism , patriot patriot ism ;
-hood: brother brother hood , neighbour neighbour- hood ;
-ship: friend friend ship , member - member ship .
.
1. Cs, : - al: centre centr al ; - y: ease , eas y , ; - less: ( -, - ): end end less ; child child less ; -ese ( , ) China Chin ese ); -ic: history
histor ic ; -ous ( , ): fame fam ous , ; - ing: interest interest ing .
2. , : - ful ( ): beauty beauti ful ; to forget forget ful ; - ive ( ): to collect collect ive ; create , creat ive ; - ite ( ): to favour , favour ite .
() :
un-, in- , , . : natural un natural ; distinct , in distinct , .
in- im-, il-, ir-: possible im posssible ; legal il legal ; regular () ir regular ().
mis- , , . : application , mis application , ; count , mis count , .
dis- , , : advantage , - dis advantage ; ; connected , dis connected ,; agree , dis agree , ;
over- , . , , -: population over population ; ripe over -ripe ; sell over sell .
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- ly . : slow slow ly -; warm - warm ly ; happy happi ly ; true true ly .
10. The Gerund ( ) 10.
- ( ) . - ing , "" - reading, "" - waiting ..
: , :
1) , , , ;
2)
.
:
- :
He was accused of committing a crime. .
- :
His being guilty is evident. , - .
:
- :
I remember reading this article on criminilogy. , .
- :
He likes reading aloud. .
- :
Active Passive
Indefinite reading being read
Perfect having read having been read
, , :
- , . Indefinite Gerund:
I like reading. ().
- , . Perfect Gerund ( - having):
I don't revember having seen him before. , ( ).
, , ( ), ;
- Passive ( ). :
My freind likes telling detective stories. .
My friend likes being told detective stories. , .
:
1) , :
a) to avoid (), to enjoy (), to excuse (), to forgive (), to give up (, ), to postpone ():
I can't give up smoking. I'm a chain-smoker. . - .
The teacher didn't excuse the students being late. .
) to accuse of (), to approve of (), to complain of (), to speak of (), to think of (), to be tired of ( -), to agree to ( -), to look forward to ( -), to depend on (), to insist on (), to rely on (), to prevent from ( ), to feel like (), to look for (),
to be sorry for (), to thank for ():
She was tired of reading and decided to have a rest. .
I feel like going for a walk. .
2) :
: after, before, on, in, at, by, without, for, in spite of ( ), instead of ():
He was angry with me for bringing the news. , .
Instead of stopping the rain increased. , , .
3) , : to begin, to continue, to stop, to finish, to go on, to keep on:
Stop talking! !
Begin reading the exersise. .
The students finished writing their test-paper just in time. .
4) , : idea, thought, chance, importance .:
I hate the idea of leaving you. , .
He didn't like the thought of going there alone. () .
, :
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She likes singing. . She likes singing folk songs. .
- + :
I'm interested in this text being translated. . .
My knowing the suspect helped militia very much. , , .
, .
- , ( - ).
Gerund Complex - .
11. The Participle ( ) ( 11).
- ( ), . .
: I ( - Participle I Present Participle) II ( Past Participle).
I c 4- 2 - - (Indefinite Participle I) - (Perfect Participle).
I , , - .
While reading a book she often laughed. , .
The detective came in, carrying his suitcase. , .
I , , , - .
Havingread the book I gave it to Peter. , .
They reached London, having been away six weeks. , .
I . , . I - .
I
| The boy readinga book is a friend of mine. , - . | |
| While reading a book she laught a lot. , . Having passed the exam, he left for Kiev. , . |
II . - ed/-d. II .
II , .
The boy invited by Peter is a friend of mine. , - .
He noticed a folded copy of the "Times". .
II :
The boy invited by Peter is a friend of mine. , - . (invited - )
If invited, he will come. , . (invited ).
