Organisation structure in business is very important. People in a company, its employees hold different positions.
The relationship between those employees with different positions makes organization structure.
At present most firms are divided into three major parts:
* capital (shareholders)
* management
* labour.
Let us take a typical company. There is a director who is a senior manager. He sits on the Board under the authority of the President. The Board decides what company policy and expenditure must be.
The chief executive officer (CED) is the link between the Board and senior management.
As for middle managers, they run departments of a firm. They account to senior management for their area of work done.
There is a difference between executive directors and nonexecutive ones. The directors who run their firm on day-to-day basis are called executive directors. Those who sit on the Board and do not run the firm directly are called nonexecutive directors. In modern American English they use also the term inside directors for executive and outside directors for non-executive ones.
Mind, that shareholders and the Board of Directors provide the overall objectives of a company (a firm).
3. Draw a simple organisation chart for the management structure of the place you will work at. Give the names, titles in English.
4. The questions:
1. Is organisation structure in business important?
2. What makes organisation structure of a company?
3. What parts are modern typical firms divided into?
4. How can you describe a senior manager?
5. There is a difference between an executive director and nonexecutive director, is not there? What is it?
6. What do the terms "outside director" and "inside director" mean?
7. What officer is the link between the Board and senior management?
8. Do middle managers provide the overall objectives of a firm?
9. Do middle managers run different departments of a firm?
10. Do middle managers account to senior management or the Board of Directors for their area of responsibility?
GRAMMAR
The Present Indefinite Tense It is used to denote repeated actions, facts, universal truths. It is formed from the Infinitive without "to". In the third person singular the ending s is added.
I work You work He (she) works
We work You work They work
Exercises
5. Translate the sentences from English into Ukrainian. Transform all the
sentences in the Present Indefinite into negative and interrogative forms. For
example:
He holds this position for 5 years.
³ 5 . Does he hold this position for 5 years? He does not hold this position for 5 years.
1. Every economist knows that there are 3 forms of business.
2. This working position is the best for your son.
3. Mary does want (or wants) to be an executive of a big company.
4. They both need to be more punctual and well-organised to be executive directors.
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5. We often discuss the functions of middle management and senior one.
6. Mrs. Holly is a good employee. Her employer is satisfied with her work.
7. My cousin works as a personnel manager.
8. You set objectives. They are right and realistic.
9. Mr. Brown and Mr. Cheer always give advice to the Head of our department.
10. Nancy Lee delegates authority in some departments.
11. Now I hold this position not in Product Control Department but in Cost Control Department.
12. His uncle changes this place of job. Very soon he works in Trade Department of the USA.
6. Practice the following speech Pattern in the Present Indefinite. For
example:
I am a student. So am I. So is he. They hold these positions. So do we. So does she.
1. He enters our Institute this year. So...
2. She sees many fine pictures in this museum. So...
3. We often learn poems by heart. So...
4. I live in Kyiv now, in the centre of it. So...
5. The students of our Academy take examinations in June. So...
6. They always translate texts from English into Ukrainian with the help of a dictionary. So...
7. Make up short dialogues using the above-mentioned pattern
8. Translate the sentences into English using the Present Indefinite Tense.
1. .
2. : " ".
3. .
4. .
5. , .
6. - .
7. ?
8. .
9. - .
9. Translate English proverbs and sayings into Ukrainian. Pay attention to the use of the Present Indefinite Tense.
* Laughter is the best medicine.
* A rolling stone gathers no moth.
* The exception proves the rule.
* A bad penny always comes back.
* He laughs last who laughs longest.
* Time flies.
* Charity begins at home.
* Extremes meet.
* All is well that ends well.
* The customer is always right.
10. Tell your friends some story using any of the above- mentioned
proverbs.
For example: "I know these brothers. Peter works with our firm. He is easy to get
along with, witty and polite. All our customers like him. But I have a low opinion
of his brother, Tom. He is neither fish nor flesh, light-minded and nuisance. It is
for the fifth time that he changes the place of job. No good of it. A rolling stone,
you know, gathers no moth."
11. Read and translate the text. Replace the infinitives by the Present
Indefinite.
UKRAINE
Ukraine is a sovereign state. It is situated in the south-eastern part of central Europe. The country is washed by the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. It (to border on) Belarus in the North, Russia in the East and Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania and Moldova in the West.
Ukraine (to have) very rich and beautiful nature. There are 23 thousand rivers in it and more than half of them fall into the Dnieper. It is the Dnieper inieper that is the largest river of this country. The earth of Ukraine, (to possess) almost all chemical elements of Mendeleev's table: aluminium, lead, zinc, nickel, etc. The land of the country (to be) rich in coal, ore, iron oil, non-ferrous metals.
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Ukraine (to cover) an area of 603,700 square kilometres. Its population is 50 million. Its capital is Kyiv. There (to be) 24 administrative regions and the Crimean autonomous republic in Ukraine.
The South-Western economic zone is characterised by machine-building and textile industry.
The Donetzk-Dnieper economic zone is famous for mines and coal-mining Industry.
Ship-building and tourism are well developed in the Southern economic zone.
T he agriculture of Ukraine (to consist of) cattle-breeding and crop-growing branches. The country (to produce) planes and liners, locomotives, tractors, combines, excavators, instruments, TV sets, computers and synthetic diamonds.
Ukrainian scientists (to do) important research work in biology, medicine, nuclear physics, space exploration and bridge construction. Ukrainian literature, theatre, music and art are well-known all over the world.
Our country is a member of the United Nations. In 1995 Ukraine (to become) a member of the Council of Europe.
Ukraine is a parliamentary state with the presidential governing. The President himself is not appointed but popularly elected. He is elected every 5 years.
The main law of the country (to be) the Constitution. The new Constitution was adopted in July, 1996. 12. Answer the questions:
1. Is Ukraine a sovereign state?
2. Where is it situated?
3. What countries does Ukraine border on?
4. How many rivers are there in Ukraine?
5. What is the largest river?
6. What is the land of Ukraine rich in?
7. Does Ukraine use its riches wisely? What do you think about it?
8. What area does Ukraine cover?
9. What can you say about its population and capital?
10. Is Kyiv your native city? What is your native city, if Kyiv is not?
11. How many administrative regions are there in Ukraine?
12. Say a few words about specific features of different economic zones of Ukraine.
13. Of what two parts does Ukrainian agriculture consist?
14. What does Ukrainian industry produce?
15. In what fields do our scientists achieve much success?
16. Do you like Ukrainian literature and music? Name some famous writers and composers.
17. Is our country important on international arena?
Relative Pronouns
The relative pronouns who, whose, that, which, as have conjunctive power and point back to persons or things mentioned.
They introduce attributive clauses. 13. Read the following examples and translate them:
1. Taras Shevchenko who loved Ukraine so much devoted many beautiful poems to his native land.
2. I. Kotljarevskyi, whose famous "Eneida" was published in 1798, opened the era of the modem Ukrainian language.
3. The Opera and Ballet Theatre in Kyiv, which is my favourite theatre, was built to a design by V. Shreter.
4. The opera "Prince Igor" reflects the events that took place in 1 185.
5. There are many Ukrainian scientists that (= who) make a great contribution to the development of culture, arts, languages.
Conjunctive Pronouns
They are that, who, what, whose, which.
They have conjunctive power and point back things or persons mentioned. Conjunctive Pronouns introduce subordinate clauses (subject, predicative, object)
( : , , ).
14. Read the following examples and translate them.
1. We know that the Ukrainian anthem is "Ukraine is not dead yet".
2. That Ukraine's name in ancient times was Orathania () I know now.
3. It is well-known that Ukraine affirmed its sovereignty at the referendum on the lsl of January, 1991.
4. The problem is who can translate this historical document.
5. What he does in our city is secret.
6. Which of the two women was a specialist in Slavonic languages I do not know.
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15. Fill in the blanks with the proper indefinite, demonstrative, relative or conjunctive pronouns, if necessary. (The pronouns: that, this, one, much, many, who, another, she.)
Roksolana
... the name of "Ukraine" was mentioned for the first time in 1187 is well-It nown. It is also known... in some historical works it was named Roksolania. In the
history of our country... name is a special..................... people know the
hnme of NastunyaLisovska... remained in the history as Roksolana.... came Irom Rogatyn, Ivano-Frankivsk Region and became the wife of Sultan Kulcyman IV, a powerful and wise ruler.
...Roksolana did... for the sake of Ukraine. There is... name for... beautiful and clever woman... unusual woman is also called. Guardian of Ukrainians. N 16. Fill in the blanks with the proper pronouns.
TextC
Mothering Day
Mother (a poem)
Mothering Day is not the same as Mother's Day. The latter is an American
festival celebrated on the second Sunday in May as an occasion for............................ person to
remember............. mother by some act of grateful affection (his or her; each).
In Great Britain Mothering Day is traditionally observed on the fourth Sunday in March. It is claimed that the name Mothering Sunday came from the ancientcustom of visiting the "mother church" at lime. It was also the day when girls worked away from home asdomestic servants in big households weregiven a holiday in order that might visit home. They used to takepresents with them,often given to by the lady of the house (their, them, they,
many, this). It became customary for young people to carry small gifts with to present tomothers, bunches of flowers and a special kind of cake being the usual offerings (them, their). The cakethe young people of the past carried with when they went to visit parents were known as Simnel cakes. The word "simnel" is derived from a Latin word meaning fine bread. It is still possible to buy Simnel cakes on the eve of Mothering Day (them, which, their). pleasant custom is being revived to-day in a modified form. Say, if people cannot visit mothers to give......... flowers and small gifts send a "Mother's Day card". The family also try to seethe Mother has as work to do as possible. Sometimes the husband or children take breakfast in bed andoften help with the meals and the washing up. It is considered to be Mother's day off (their, this, they, them, little, that).
Here is the poem devoted by Irene Dunn to her mother on Mothering Day. Learn it by heart.
Memories of Mother, are memories of me Mother and I, so close are we. She held my hand and swept away care Hugged me close and stroke my hair, Dear Mother.
Her room my heaven, have always been there My troubles with her are easier to wear. Her wisdom profound, her knowledge untold Never limited - never old. Such a Mother.
Young in heart is young in mind Yet to me she is only one of a kind A strength in unmost need, For she gives of the best, and the best returns. Supreme Mother.
The years between have strengthened our path Every step impregnated whatever each hath She never has failed me, nor ever will Always behind me, so seldom seen, My Lady, My Mother, My Queen.
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.
1 . 볿 . . 22 . 22 . , 1 , . 1700 1 . .
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. (laurel), . .
. ij , , , . , , (renewal).
-, ij , .
- . , - .
3 . " ".
. , , .
COMMUNICATION Apologies
When we want to apologise we use the phrases: / am sorry.
I very sorry (more emphatic). When we apologise for unimportant things we say: Sorry.
If you want to apologise in advance for some trouble you may cause you use: Excuse me. Excuse me for.
(The latter is also used to attract the attention of a person you do not know) The formal apology is: / apologise for I must apologise for The formal apology is also: I beg your pardon. Pardon.
Replies to Apologies: That's all right. It's all right. That's OK. It's OK. Don't worry. Never mind. It doesn't matter. Not at all.
18 Read and translate illustrative examples:
I At the Theatre Bob: That seat is yours, Olga. Olga: Thank you. Is it a TV programme? Bob: Yes, it is. There is a good film on television tonight. Olga: Sorry?
Bob: There is a good film on television tonight with S. Loren in the leading role.
Olga: Oh, I am very sorry, Bob, Loren is your favourite actress.
Man: Excuse me. That's my seat.
Bob: Is it? Yes, you are right. I apologise for sitting here.
Olga: We should be more careful.
Man: Never mind (or It's all right).
II At the University Student: Professor Carbone, I must apologise for not attending your seminar last Tuesday. I was ill.
Professor: That's all right. I hope you are well now.
Student: I am much better, thank you. Also excuse me for not [returning you those materials you gave me a week ago. Professor: Don't worry. Keep them as much as you need. Student: I find them interesting.
Professor: I really don't need them now. You may use them in your course paper. Student: Thank you for letting me have the materials for so long time. Professor: Never mind.
Ill At the Hotel Mr. Hardy: Excuse me, is this the Harrow Hotel?
Receptionist: Good morning, sir. Yes, this is the Harrow Hotel. What can I do for you?
Mr. Hardy: Good morning. We've got a reservation here. I'm Hardy. Recep.: Just a minute, sir. Yes, that's right. The reservation is for a week, for two persons. It is one double room on the third floor.
Mr. Hardy: I'm afraid, you are not right. A room must be on the ground floor. Recep.: Oh, I'm very sorry. Will you wait for a minute. I'll arrange it. Mr. Hardy: Oh, please don't worry about it. There is no need to apologise. Mrs.Hardy: It doesn't matter. The room on the third floor will be all right. Recep.: Well, it's nice of you to take it like that, thank you. Mr. and Mrs. Hardy: Not at all.
Recep.: Your room is forty-five. Here you are. (Presents a key to the room) George, take Mrs. Hardy and Mr. Hardy to room four and five. Thanks. Recep.: Thank you. George: This way, please.
19 Make up short dialogues with the phrases of apologies. 20 Learn the following poems by heart.
I By H. W. Longfellow Let us, then, be up and doing With a heart for any fate, Still achieving, still pursuing Learn to labour and to wait.
When I was one and twenty
I heard a wise man say:
"Give crowns and pounds and guineas
But not your heart away.
Give pearls away and rubies But keep your fancy free". But I was one and twenty
No use to talk to me.
* * *
Language and Humour
Bernard Shaw said that America and England were two great nations separated by the same language.
Businessman (who had got on in life) - "Yes, when I first came to New York I had only a dollar in my pocket with which to make a start." Interviewer - "How did you invest that dollar?" Businessman - "Used it to pay for a telegram home for more money."
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12
Module test paper 2
13-14
Text A: Statistics
Grammar: The Present Continuous Tense
Text B: At the Museum. Jesus Christ Superstar
Communication based on active vocabulary Giving opinions
Translation: Business and Statistics
Text A
Vocabulary 1. Read the following words and word combinations and learn their meanings by heart:
a phenomenon - to describe - to deal with - ', numerical - numerical data - numeral - , a state - , accounting - Antique World - ancient - ancient times - quality - quantity - qualitative - , quantitative to consist of - several to divide - a branch - , to consider - analysis - to work out - working out - an index , an indicator - calculation - , standards of life - a level a consumption - population - development - , , constantly -
to repeat space - , in the course of time
2. Read, translate the text and answer the questions following it:
Text A Statistics
The role of statistics is hard to overesti-mate. As soon as a state is formed people begin to pay attention to the quantitative side of many social things. The more developed a society is, the more important role statistics plays in its life.
The word statistics comes from the Latin word "status" which means the state of things. The synonym of the state of things is a number of facts about certain social and economic phenomena and processes. They also describe statistics as a science which deals with mass numerical data.
Historically, statistics development starts with the formation of a state. One can find some traces of statistics and accounting in documents of the most developed countries of the Antique World.
One should remember that statistics, first of all, deals with the so-called quantitative side of things. However, the quantitative side is closely connected with the qualitative side of things.
Statistics consists of several sections. They are independent and at the same time these sections are closely connected with each other. At present time they divide statistics into four main parts. They are:
statistics theory;
economic statistics;
branch statistics;
social statistics.
Let us consider these parts in short.
Statistics theory deals with the categories of this science, methods and means of analysis.
Economic statistics deals with phenomena and processes that are Inking place in an economy. It works out the whole system of economic indices and methods of study of an economy of a country or of a region.
Branch statistics may be subdivided into industrial, agricultural, finance, social infrastructure, trade, banking, state budget and so on.
Each branch statistics works out the methods of calculation of Indicators that show specific features of each branch taken separately.
Social statistics deals with social conditions and character of labour, standards of life, levels of profit and income, consumption of products and services by population. During all the time statistics as a science is developing side by side with the development of other theoretical sciences dealing with society.
Another no less important feature of statistics is that it studies the mass character of social phenomena. It means that statistics is constantly dealing with such
phenomena which are repeating themselves and are changing in space and in the
course of time.
3. Answer the following questions:
Questions
1. Is the role of statistics important in modern life?
2. What Latin word does statistics come from?
3. Does statistics deal with mass numeral data or with individual separate data?
4. Is statistics a modern science?
5. Statistics deals with the quantitative state of things, doesn't it?
6. Is statistics connected with the qualitative side of things? Can you give some examples?
7. What are the main parts of statistics?
8. What is the difference between statistics theory and economic statistics?
9. What parts is branch statistics subdivided into?
10. What aspects of human life does social statistics study?
11. What does the mass character of social phenomena mean?
12. What part of statistics of these four ones do you consider the most important? Explain why.
GRAMMAR
The Present Continuous Tense to be + Participle I The Present Continuous is used:
* to denote an action going on at the present moment;
* to express a continual process;
* to express an action thought of as a continual process (with "always", "ever", "constantly"). It often has a negative meaning.
* to express two actions are in progress at the same time (in adverbial clauses there is the conjunction "while").
Exercises 4. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Present Continuous.
1. Now the students of our group are translating the text "Statistics in Modern
World" with the help of a dictionary. They know English very well and sometimes
they translate articles from newspapers without a dictionary.
2. The writer is working over a new novel for five years.
3. My brother is working now in the garden.
4. Nick is reading "Book on Computers". Don't you see it?
5. It is 5 o'clock now and Nancy is making her report at this seminar.
6. While my mother is cooking, my father is looking through newspapers.
7. She is always complaining.
8. When he comes we are always discussing our business problems.
9. Now it is 6 o'clock, they are looking through the terms of our agreement.
10. She is saying that she does not know this person. Don't let him come in her office.
5. Translate the sentences from English into Ukrainian paying attention to the use of the Present Continuous. Explain the grammar meanings of this tense in each case.
1. Now I am reading a book on "Statistics and Economics".
2. My brother works in the field of statistics.
3. A. Ketly is writing his book "The Nature of Statistical Data" for 10 years.
4. Mrs. Chand writes articles on Agricultural Statistics for our journal.
5. She is always repeating the same things.
6. The 5lh of May, Monday, 9 o'clock. I am calculating the indices of standards of life, while my assistant is comparing the figures with the indices of the previous year.
7. Their team is still working over the quantitative indicators.
8. Our team works over the qualitative analysis of those data.
9. Now Alien is in the library. He is working over the new methods for our future work.
10. What are we considering now? - We are considering "The new development in training of statistical personnel". We always consider some new statistical problems at our lectures on Statistics.
11. Is she still working over the book "World Population"? 12. While this college is training good statistical personnel we are trying to keep in touch with them. Our aim is to choose the best will-be specialists for our corporation. From time to time we visit the college to speak with teachers and college students.
6. Give your own examples in English using the different grammar meanings of the Present Continuous and the Present Indefinite.
7. Translate the sentences from Ukrainian into English.
1. - - .
2. ʳ .
3. ʳ - .
4. ʳ ' .
5. , .
6. ' .
7. " " 볿 . - ' .
8. .
9. ? 5 .
10. .
11. 6 .
12. .
13. XXI . .
14. , .
15. 쳺 , .
16. 55 II .
COMMUNICATION
Giving Opinions When you give your opinions it is typical in English to use such opening phrases:
* As I see it...
* As far as I'm concerned...
* In my view...
* My opinion is that...
* I think...
* I believe...
* If I am not mistaken...
* As for me...
8. Answer the following questions beginning your answers with the above-mentioned phrases.
1. Does statistics deal only with numerical data?
2. Is statistics of crime important for our country?
3. The economist, administrator and politician require statistics in their everyday work, do not they? Which of the three requires it mostly?
4. Where does an ordinary user of statistics get his or her information from?
5. How did the application of computers in statistics influence its development?
6. Is the subject of Statistics important for students of our Academy (University)? Why?
7. Will you apply knowledge in Statistics in your future work? Tell how.
9. Read the following dialogue, translate it. Reproduce it in the form of dialogue.
Text At the Numismatic Museum
Galina Morenko (Ukraine) and Nicos Parthenis (Greece) take part in the Conference on Statistics Problems of the XXI century. Both are interested in research of information technology and finance statistics. The conference takes
place in Athens, the capital of Greece. During the break in the work of the Conference (CONFEST) they visit the Numismatic Museum of Athens.
Galina: Not every city can boast of a numismatic museum. What is more, it seems to be large!
Nicos: Oh, you are right. The Numismatic Museum of Athens is one of the very few of this kind all over the world. If I am not mistaken it is the only one in Greece and the Balkans.
Galina: When was it founded?
Nicos: I think it was founded in 1829.'
Galina: How many coins does it possess?
Nicos: Oh, those statisticians! They are always interested in figures, numbers, numerical data. Their questions begin with "how many?" To be serious, this museum possesses 600,000 coins. And what coins! They came from ancient Hellenic world, the Roman era, Byzantium, the medieval European West and, of course, the Modern times.
Galina: It is unbelievable! Let us go to the Roman era section first of all.
Nicos: By the way, the Museum plays an important role in the area of research and in the area of information technology.
Galina: As far as I know, the Museum is taking an active part in the organization of our Conference. Is it true?
Nicos: Yes, it is. Moreover, the Museum has a very rich library of about 12.000 volumes and a well-equipped laboratory for the conservation of metallic objects.
Galina: Nicos, we are now passing the door of the laboratory. Tomorrow afternoon I'll come here to work at it.
Nicos: You are welcome to come here any day and time you like. You may also read here various publications, use CD-room and video productions, visit scientific lectures and courses on numismatics.
Galina: This is more than a usual museum. Its activities make the Museum a research centre.
Nicos: I couldn't agree more.
Galina: Nicos, thank you very much. It was very useful to get this interesting information from you.
In the evening all the participants of the Conference were invited to visit the Opera House where "Jesus Christ Superstar" was on. Galina asked Nicos a lot of questions concerning the opera, such as when the opera was created, who the composer is, how much modern elements are combined with Biblical ones, so on. Here is what Nicos told her.
At the Theatre Jesus Christ Superstar
Jesus Christ Superstar is a famous rock opera created by Tim Rice and Andrew Lloyd Webber. Told entirely in songs, images and music it traces the last seven days of Christ's life. In the story Judas does not want to betray Jesus, but yet is not able to stand by helplessly as Jesus leads them down what Judas believes is a path 
of destruction. Unable to live with the guilt he feels, Judas commits suicide. Jesus is crucified.
It all started with a single called Superstar in 1969. Although it was banned on many radio stations it shortly became so popular that very soon the recording sessions of a double album set were started. The album took 5 months to record and altogether there were 60 sessions with an 85-piece symphony orchestra, 6 rock musicians, 11 principal singers, 16 chorus singers, 3 choirs, a synthesizer, and organ music recorded at a church. When it finally came out Jesus Christ Superstar suddenly became the best-selling album of the year in the US.
The next important stage in the history of Superstar followed when it opened as a theatre performance on Broadway on 12 October 1971 and later in the West End, London on 9 August 1972. By 1978 it had beaten Oliver as the longest-running musical in British theatre history with over 2600 performances.
Then came the movie in 1973. It was shot on location in Israel, and I combined the familiar Biblical with modern-day elements by including tanks, machine guns and supersonic jets.
Tim Rice and Andrew Lloyd Webber never intended Jesus Christ Superstar to be taken in a religious context, but just as a piece telling a story in perhaps a new way. There could be different arguments for and against the ideas portrayed in the story but one thing seems to be quite certain: the songs from the album like Superstar, or I Don't Know How To Love Him have already become some of the best known melodies all over the world.
The answers below are all taken from the previous text on Jesus Christ Superstar. By referring to the text very closely write the questions, eg.: A: A famous rock opera. Q: What is Jesus Christ Superstar? 1. By Tim Rice and Andrew Lloyd Webber.
| 2. | In songs, images and music. | |
| 3. | The last seven days of Christ's | life. |
| 4. | To stand by helplessly. | |
| 5. | Jesus is. | |
| 6. | In 1969. | |
| 7. | 5 months. | |
| 8. | On 9 August 1972. |
9. On location in Israel.
10. Modern-day elements.
10. Speak on the topic:
"The Role of Statistics in today's Economic Life".
11. Make up short dialogues "At a museum ", "At the theatre". Use the phrases
of opinions.
Translation.
12. Render the text using the following words and word combinations. Use the Present Continuous Tense wherever possible.
1. survey
2. sales
3. amount of work to be done
4. to keep busy (with)
5. to be satisfied with
6. to be proud of
7. to prove oneself
8. as a whole = on the whole
9. reflection
10. to a certain degree
11. as compared to = in comparison with
