1. If containers are used more widely, the freight rates will be greatly reduced.
2. It will take you 7 hours to get from Moscow to St. Petersburg if you go by the overnight Red Arrow passenger train.
3. If he leaves for London by train, he will get there on Friday.
4. If you dont write down this formula, you will forget it.
5. If he repairs his car, we' ll be able to drive to the country.
1. If the travelers had cameras with them, they would take photos of the beautiful scenery.
2. If there were no railways, it would be much more difficult to travel.
3. If we didn't have so heavy luggage, we wouldn't take a taxi.
4. Were I a scientist, I would invent a time machine.
5. If we could make a non-stop flight around the sun in an airplane at a speed of about 300 km/h, it would require 565 days to encircle it at the equator.
1. I would have gone on an excursion with you, if I had known about it beforehand.
2. The new operator wouldn't have broken this device if you had instructed him how to operate it
3. If various machines hadn't been used in railway construction, it would have taken much more time and efforts to lay down the track.
4. If you had come a minute later, you wouldn't have caught the train.
5. Had you informed me of John's arrival, I would have met him.
. 5. , , .
1. One trip in the New York subway costs between 85 cents and $2.25.
2. Our train is standing at the platform 4 ready to leave.
3. The train accident happened on the bridge.
4. Special cars must be used for transporting oil and other liquid goods.
5. At the weekend, extra commuter trains run on this route.
6. Train fares have been increased by 10 per cent in recent years.
7. Plans for a new bridge were dropped due to the lack of funding.
8. The plant will produce a new type of the engine next year.
9. She left for London on the 9 oclock train.
10. The number of passengers traveling between Helsinki to St. Petersburg will increase to 6 million in 2010.
Equivalents of Modal Verbs
| Verb | Present | Past | Future |
| must = to have to | have to has to , | had to , | will have to , . |
| must = to be to | am to is to are to , | was to were to , | ___ |
| can = to be able to | am able to is able to are able to , | was able to were able to , | will be able to , |
| may = to be allowed to | am allowed to is allowed to are allowed to , | was allowed to were allowed to | will be allowed to , |
I missed the commuter train and I had to go by bus. , .
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The management was to take measures to reduce the power consumption. .
You are able to go by train or rent a car. .
Passengers aren't allowed to smoke in the compartment.
:
to have to (dont have to; doesnt have to; didnt have to; wont have to) , .
Since the tape-recorder is still under guarantee, you dont have to pay for the repairs. , .
Gerund
, , . -ing. , , , .
:
| Function | Example | Translation |
| Flying is better for long journeys but traveling by train is much more interesting. | , . | |
| The main purpose of the project is reducing power consumption. They finished installing the apparatus only on Sunday. | . . | |
| : () () | The engineer has suggested developing new devices for measuring these values. Fog prevented the plane from landing at this airport. | . . |
| There is a way of reducing power consumption. The cost of repairing this equipment is very high. | . . | |
| instead of reading after reading before reading without reading in (by) reading for reading on reading | ; , ; , ; ; , , ; , ; , , . |
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:
, :
(1) , . .
(2) to start, to begin, to continue, to go on, to finish - to be. .
(3) . , .
(4) of ( for), . .
(5) (before, after, on, by, instead of, in, without), . , , .
3. -ing
| Function | Example | Translation |
| Gerund | Combining work and study isnt easy. | . |
| Participle I | The train was moving at a top speed. | . |
| Gerund | Their aim was increasing the engine power. | . |
| Gerund | The engineer insisted on testing a new device once more. | , . |
| Gerund Participle I | The cost of transporting passengers and freight can be reduced by means of increasing the weight and length of trains. The railway linking the airport with the railway terminal was constructed two years ago. | . , , 2 . |
| Gerund Participle I | A crane is the mechanical device used for lifting freight. The scientists processed the obtained data, using the new computer program. | , . , . |
Infinitive
, , . to.
| Active | Passive | |
| Simple | to do | to be done |
| Continuous | to be doing | |
| Perfect | to have done | to have been done |
:
| Function | Example | Translation |
| To replace wooden rails by cast iron ones was a great step forward. = It was a great step forward to replace wooden rails by cast iron ones. | . | |
| His task was to complete the work in time. | , . | |
| The railway operator plans to modernize its wagon fleet. | . | |
| To fasten rails to ties, different types of fastenings are used. This device isused to detect hidden defects in rails. We have enough raw materials to complete the work. | , . . , . | |
| The locomotive to be tested is on the siding line. The new metro station to be put into operation soon is near my house. | , , . , , . |
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:
, :
(1) , .
(2) - to be to mean, to start, to end, to begin, to continue. , , ; , + .
(3) , : to prepare, to decide, to demand, to expect, to forget, to learn, to like, to offer, to plan, to remember, to promise, to refuse, to want, to ask, to wish; , : afraid, glad, prepared, proud, ready, sorry, surprised. , .
(4) , enough ; too . Infinitive in order to , .
(5) the first ; the last ; the only .. (to be tested, to be built, to be read) , . Infinitive ( , , , ).
