canal: alimentary canal, musculomembraneous canal, nasal canal, root canal
cavity: oral cavity, abdominal cavity, pulp cavity, nasal cavity, thoracic cavity
gland: salivary gland, endocrine gland, urethral glands, mucous gland, lymph gland
tube: thin-wall muscular tube, inner-tube, test-tube, Fallopian tube, drainage tube
palate: hard palate, soft palate, cleft palate, to have a delicate palate, depraved palate
Exercise 3. Put words in the appropriate column:
Ileum, heart, vessel, anus, jejunum, artery, duodenum, tongue, vein, pharynx, stomach, capillary, esophagus, intestine, aorta, atria, rectum, oral cavity, salivary glands, mouth, chamber, caecum, colon, teeth, ventricle.
| Parts of the cardiovascular system | Parts of the alimentary tract |
Exercise 4. Translate the following word combinations into your native language:
Ingestion and excretion, to chop food into small pieces, to digest large meals properly, accessory organs, hydrochloric acid, abdominal cavity, to be composed of, a thin-walled muscular tube, to absorb water, the largest gland in the human body, two fists placed next to each other, a major role in metabolism, a storage tank, a number of functions in the body, decomposition of red blood cells, a hollow sac, the remaining indigestible food matter, a long thin gland.
Exercise 5. Read and translate the text:
The Digestive System
The digestive system is a group of organs working together to convert food into energy. Food passes through a long musculomembraneous tube known as the alimentary canal or the gastrointestinal tract. It is made up of the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, and large intestines. In addition, there are several important accessory organs that help your body to digest food: the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Six major functions take place in the digestive system:
Ingestion
Secretion
Mixing and movement
Digestion
Absorption
Excretion
Food begins its journey through the digestive system in the mouth. Teeth chop food into small pieces, which are moistened by saliva before the tongue and other muscles push the food into the pharynx.
From the mouth food passes through the pharynx to the esophagus and then to the stomach.
The stomach is a muscular sac that is located on the left side of the abdominal cavity. It is about the size of their two fists placed next to each other. This organ acts as a storage tank for food so that the body has time to digest large meals properly. It contains hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes.
The small intestine is a thin-walled muscular tube about 6.5 metres long. It is located in the middle portion of the abdominal cavity. The small intestine is composed of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum.
The large intestine is the last part of the alimentary tract. Its function is to absorb water from the remaining indigestible food matter, and then to pass useless waste material from the body. It is about 1.5 metres long. It is divided into caecum, colon and rectum.
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The liver is the largest gland in the human body. It is in the right upper part of the abdominal cavity under the diaphragm. The weight of the liver is 1,500 g. This organ plays a major role in metabolism and has a number of functions in the body, including glycogen storage, decomposition of red blood cells, plasma protein synthesis, hormone production, and detoxification.
The gallbladder is a hollow sac lying on the lower surface of the liver, where bile is stored, before it is released into the small intestine.
The pancreas is a long thin gland lying behind the stomach.
Exercise 6. Answer the questions to the text:
1. What is the digestive system?
2. What does the alimentary tract consist of?
3. What is the 1st division of the alimentary tract formed by?
4. What is the stomach?
5. What is the small intestine?
6. What is the function of the large intestine?
7. What largest glands in the human body do you know?
8. What is the function of the gallbladder?
9. What are the major functions of the digestive system?
Exercise 7. Translate the following word combinations into English:
, , ' , , , , , , , , , , .
Exercise 8. Match the terms with their definitions:
| 1.alimentary tract 2. stomach 3. pharynx 4.small intestine 5.large intestine 6. esophagus 7. liver 8. gallbladder 9. mastication 10. digestion | a) the passage between the pharynx and the stomach; b) the process by which food is converted into substances that can be absorbed and assimilated by the body; c) a large, reddish-brown, glandular organ located in the upper right side of the abdominal cavity, divided by fissures into five lobes and functioning in the secretion of bile and various metabolic processes; d) the tubular passage extending from the mouth to the anus, through which food is passed and digested; e) the process by which food is crushed and ground by teeth; f) a pear-shaped, muscular sac attached to the undersurface of the right lobe of the liver, in which bile is stored and concentrated; g) beginning with the cecum and ending with the rectum; includes the caecum and the colon and the rectum; extracts moisture from food residues which are later excreted as feces; h) an enlarged and muscular saclike organ of the alimentary canal; the principal organ of digestion i) the passage to the stomach and lungs; in the front part of the neck below the chin and above the collarbone; j) the longest part of the alimentary canal; where digestion is completed. |
Exercise 9. Write down organs in their appropriate position:
| Stomach caecum colon appendix liver teeth esophagus rectum salivary glands gallbladder epiglottis tongue soft palate pancreas ileum anus duodenum |
Exercise 10. Say what organ is spoken about:
I. This organ is the largest gland in the human body. It is in the upper part of the abdominal cavity under the diaphragm in the right side of the abdomen. Its upper surface is convex. This organ consists of small lobules connected together by connective tissue, different vessels and nerves.
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II. This organ is pyriform () in shape. It is a dilated portion of the alimentary canal. It is in the upper part of the abdomen under the diaphragm. The liver is above this organ, and the colon is below it. The pancreas is behind this organ.
III. It is the beginning of the alimentary tract and the digestion starts here when taking the first bite of food. Chewing breaks the food into pieces that are more easily digested, while saliva mixes with food to begin the process of breaking it down into a form your body can absorb and use.
IV. This organ is the portion of the alimentary tract that is located between the stomach and rectum. In the human being it is divided in to two parts. Its function is to digest food and to enable the nutrients released from that food to enter into the bloodstream.
V. It is a tubular organ that lies behind the trachea and heart and in front of the spinal colomn; it passes through the diaphragm before entering the stomach.
VI. This organ is a part of two different systems of the body, digestive system and respiratory system. It is a passageway leading from the mouth and nose to the esophagus and larynx.
VII. This is a long, narrow gland that is located across the upper abdomen, behind the stomach and the spleen. It produces important digestive enzymes and hormone called insulin.
VIII. This is a hollow organ located beneath the right lobe of the liver and measures 8 centimeters in length. Its function is to store bile.
IX. This is a thin cartilaginous flap that covers the entrance to the larynx during swallowing, preventing food from entering the trachea.
X. It is the last part of the digestive system. Water is absorbed here and the remaining waste material is stored as feces before being removed by defecation.
Exercise 11. Fill in prepositions where necessary and translate into your native language:
| If (2); by; or; in (4); for (2); through (2) |
One of the most common locations ____ a foreign body is the alimentary tract.
It is possible ___ foreign bodies to enter the tract from the mouth, or from the rectum.
The objects most commonly swallowed ____ children are coins. Meat impaction is more common ____ adults.
Swallowed objects are more likely to lodge ____ the esophagus or stomach than ____ the pharynx or duodenum.
____ the person who swallowed the foreign body is doing well, usually a x-ray image will be taken. It will show any metal objects, and should be repeated a few days later to confirm that the object has passed all the way _____ the alimentary tract. Also it needs to be confirmed that the object is not stuck _____ the airways, in the bronchial tree.
Most objects that are swallowed will pass all the way ____ the gastrointestinal tract unaided.
____ the foreign body causes problems like pain, vomiting ____ bleeding it must be removed.
Exercise 12. Arrange the following sentences in a correct order to describe the following term stomach:
1. The stomach has three tasks in digestion: mixing foods with gastric juices, storing swallowed food and liquid, moving food into the small intestine.
2. It is located in the upper part of the abdomen under the diaphragm.
3. The stomach is a hollow, saclike organ enclosed in a muscular wall.
4. The stomach receives food from the esophagus.
5. These flexible muscles allow the stomach to extend when you eat.
6. As food reaches the end of the esophagus, it enters the stomach through a muscular valve called the lower esophageal sphincter.
Exercise 13. Continue the following sentences using the text to describe the following term intestine:
1. Intestine is the last part of the alimentary tract and consist of .. and ...
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2. The small intestine is composed of .., .., ...
3. The large intestine is divided into .., .. and ...
4. The function of intestine is .. and then ...
Exercise 14. Translate the following sentences into English:
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. , .
5. ³ , , , .
6. ́ ( , ) , .
7. , .
8. , .
Exercise 15. Translate word-combinations with Participle into your native language:
Saliva moistening the food; the patient complaining of pain; disease, spreading rapidly; food, containing a lot of vitamins; doctor on duty making a morning round; blood containing digested nutrients; teeth grinding the food; patient suffering from different diseases; the coughing child; the bleeding wound; surgeon operating this patient.
