: . . , . . , . .
2004 . . . *, . . **, . . ***
* , . ,
** ,
*** ,
1 . 85 () 64 () 12 - 14 . (model-fitting) , ( . . ).
: - , , , , , .
, , . , , . , , , - [2, 3, 5, 7, 12, 17, 25, 36, 61, 79 .]. , [4 - 6, 12, 13, 70, 71 .], .
, [1]. " " (, ) " " ( , , , ) [25, 38, 53 .]. , , "personality" (), [70, 71 .].
: 30 - 60% , - ( ) , [22, 29, 37, 42, 43, 54, 76 .]. (, [22 .]), [22, 27, 42, 76 .].
|
|
, , , " " - [42, 54, 59], (, [57]), [52], [10].
, [17, 39, 79], . -
1 " " ( ZZ5000/426 KWD100, . - . . ), ( 94 - 06 - 19755, 99 - 06 - 80161, 01 - 06 - 80134, . - . . ), ( N 96 - 03 - 042446 98 - 06 - 08084, . - . . ) , ( " ", 03, . - . . ).
. 29
( , , ), . [69]. , - , , (DRD4), " ". , DRD4 " " [8].
" " [79]. (60%) " " [30, 40]. (r = 0.54) [73].
. , , [13, 32 - 35, 45, 56, 68, 72, 74, 75, 77 .]. 20 50% [20], , , [64, 68]. [11, 15, 16, 20, 23, 46 - 49, 56, 65, 66 . .]. [58], [34, 35, 66, 77 .].
. [14], , . , , , .
|
|
, [22, 44, 64], , , . , , [64] 10 18 (M = 13.7 ), [22] - 7 17 , [44] - 11 18 . , [31, 67, 74, 75 .]. . .
, 12 - 14- .
. 85 () (49 36 ) 64 () (33 31 ) 12 - 14 (M = 13.28; SD = 0.61). , . [18]; .
. . . (- [5]), 13 17 . 105 , "" "", : (), (), (), (), (), (), () (). 12 () 0 12 . (), .
. [28].
. 30
. 1. . - ; - ; ( ) - ; - .
[9, 42]. , Excel.
, , () x = Λ f + ε, x - , f - (), Λ - , 8 - .
Pi - , Ai D i, C i, Ei - , , ( ) , () () [51].
|
|
Pi , , : Var(Pi) = a 2 + d 2 + c 2 + e 2.
a 2 , d 2 - , c 2 e 2 - . - 1 0.5; - 1 0.25; 1 ; .
(. . 1).
a, d, c e. , F = [lnΣ - ln S + tr (S Σ1) - p ](N - 1), S - , Σ - , , Σ S - Σ S, tr (S Σ1) - (S Σ1), N - , S, p - .
Σ = Λ Φ Λ', Φ - . Σ :
x = y = 1, - x = 0.5, y = 0.25.
, . p (p + 1)/2 - , , S. (df) .
, -
. 31
( Σ). FMZ FDZ - : F = FMZ + FDZ, NMZ NDZ - , .
χ2. , : - . χ2 χ2, , .
χ2 AIC (Akaike's Information Criterion), AIC = χ2 - 2 df, χ2 - "-", a df - . AIC , . .
- :
I. , (Ho). , , . ( , , , . . ; 6 - 3 = 3).
|
|
II. (ADCE). : , . , , , .
III. - (ACE). , . , , , , , . , .
IV. - (ADE). , , . , , .
V. - (DCE). , . , , , , , . , .
VI. (AE). , , . , , , , . . ADE ACE .
VII. (CE). , . . , .
( ). - α- [19]. α- 0.67 0.89, 0.78. [5] .
. 32
. . - , (t (147) = 2.232, p = <0.027), (t(147) = 2.712, p = <0.007), (t (147) = 2.168, p = <0.032) - (t (117.583) = -2.078, p = <0.040). : (t(147) = -2.107, p = <0.037). , .
F -. . , .
. 0.380 (p < 0.01, ) 0.673 (p < 0.01, ), 0.55. 0.271 (p < 0.05, ) 0.546 (p < 0.01, ); 0.41. , . , , .
|
|
( ). - , . (χ2 (3) =0.31;p = 0.96), (χ2 (3) =0.21; p = 0.98), (χ2 (3) = 0.22; p = 0.97), (χ2 (3) = 0.42; p = 0.94), (χ2 (3) = 0.86; p = 0.83) ( χ2 (3) = 0.121; p = 0.75). , . (χ2 (3) = 8.78; p = 0.03), (χ2 (3) = 11.50; p = 0.01) (χ2 (3) = 9.39; p = 0.02) , , , , , .
, 4 : . (χ2 (2) =1.93; p = 0.38), (χ2 (2) = 0.17; p = 0.92), (χ2 (2) = 0.93; p = 0.63), (χ2 (2) = 0.46; p = 0.79), (χ2 (2) =0.45; p = 0.80), (χ2 (2) = 1.34; p = 0.51), ( AIC) , . (χ2 (2) = 0.40; p = 0.82), (χ2 (2) = 0.02; p = 0.99) (χ2 (2) = 3.96; p = = 0.14) , .
, , - (. . ). .
III (ACE), , , ( AIC) (Δχ2 (1) = 0.190; p = 0.66; AIC = - 5.41) (Δχ2 (1) = 0.190; p = 0.83; AIC = - 5.91). - , .
( IV(ADE)) , (Δχ2 (1) = = 4.271; p = 0.04; AIC = 0.20), (Δχ2 (1) = 3.530; p = = 0.06; AIC = -2.30), (Δχ2 (1) = 6.697; p = 0.01; AIC = 1.16) (Δχ2 (1) = 3.182; p = 0.07; AIC = -2.37). . (Δχ2 (1) = 1.200; p = = 0.27; AIC = -3.87), (Δχ2 (1) = 0.190; p = 0.66; AIC = -5.41), (Δχ2 (1) = 0.000; p = 1.00; AIC =
. 33
= -5.98), (Δχ2 (1) = 0.379; p = 0.54; AIC = -1.66) (Δχ2 (1) = 0.641; p = 0.42; AIC = -4.01) - II (ACDE) , .
- ( V (DCE)) , AIC, . , II χ2 - (χ2 = 0.000; p = 1.000). , .
( VI(AE)) ( II (ACDE) χ2 : Δχ2 (2) = 6.697; p = 0.04; AIC = -0.84) (Δχ2 (2) = 4.271; p = 0.12; AIC = -1.80). (Δχ2 (2) = 3.530; p = 0.17; AIC = -4.30) (Δχ2 (2) = 3.182; p = 0.20; AIC = -4.37) , . (Δχ2 (2) = 1.200; p = 0.55; AIC = -5.87), (Δχ2 (2) = 0.190; p = 0.91; AIC = -7.41), (Δχ2 (2) = 0.155; p = 0.93; AIC = -7.83), (Δχ2 (2) = 0.379; p = 0.83; AIC = -3.66) (Δχ2 (2) = 0.641; p = 0.73; AIC = -6.01) , .
, ( - VII) (Δχ2 (2) = 0.041; p = 0.98), (Δχ2 (2) = 0.0531; p = 0.97), (Δχ2 (2) = 0.191; p = 0.91), (Δχ2 (2) = 0.000; p = 1.00), (Δχ2 (2) = 0.542; p = 0.76), (Δχ2 (2) = 0.162; p = 0.92) . (Δχ2 (4) = 1 - 97; p = 0.74; AIC = -6.03), (Δχ2 (4) = 0.23; p = 0.99; AIC = -7.77), (Δχ2 (4) = 1.12; p = 0.89; AIC = -6.88), (Δχ2 (4) = 0.46; p = 0.98; AIC = -7.54), (Δχ2 (4) = 0.99; p = 0.91; AIC = -7.01) (Δχ2 (2) = 1 - 51; p = 0.83; AIC = -6.49). , . , , (Δχ2 (4) = 9.00; p = 0.06; AIC = 1.00), (Δχ2 (4) = 11.50; p = 0.02; AIC = 3.50) (Δχ2 (4) = 10.09; p = 0.04; AIC = 2.09), χ2, II, (Δχ2 (2) = 8.598; p = 0.01), (Δχ2 (2) = 11.480; p = 0.00) (Δχ2 (2) = 6.132; p = 0.05).
, , , , , , , VII ( ). p - - , VII ( ) , , . , VI ( ), .
. 1 ( %) -. , , , , , , . (c 2 = 49%), (c 2 = 46%), (c 2 = 36%), (c 2 = 55%), (c 2 = 51%) (c 2 = 32%). 51, 54, 64, 45, 49 68% . , , (a 2 = 60%) (a 2 = 66%) (a 2 = 66%). 40 34% .
. 34
1.
χ2 | df | P | a 2 | c 2 | e 2 | |||||
" " | CE | 1.97 | 0.74 | - | - | 2.047 | 2.088 | |||
" " | CE | 0.23 | 0.99 | - | - | 2.187 | 2.348 | |||
" " | CE | 1.12 | 0.89 | - | - | 1.756 | 2.352 | |||
" " | CE | 0.46 | 0.98 | - | - | 2.092 | 1.877 | |||
" " | CE | 0.99 | 0.91 | - | - | 2.591 | 2.564 | |||
" " | AE | 0.59 | 0.96 | 2.552 | - | - | 2.086 | |||
" " | AE | 0.17 | 1.00 | 3.098 | - | - | 2.220 | |||
" " | AE | 4.34 | 0.36 | 2.819 | - | - | 2.046 | |||
" " | CE | 1.51 | 0.83 | - | - | 1.153 | 1.699 |
- . ""; a 2 - ; c 2 e 2 - ; .
- (), (), (), () () () ( ).
, . , - EPI, . . . . [24] , , , - [4]. ( (STI-R) [72], EASI-III [12], (DOTS-R) [79] [5]) , , , , , - , - , [62].
, , , , , .
, , . , , , , [22, 42, 44, 64]. , , , , , .
, , . , . , , . , : , 262 7 - 17 0.50 [22]. , , -
. 35
2. , ,
() | ||||||
1.5 (Plomin et al., 1993) | 0.43 | -0.03 | 0.55 | -0.24 | 0.44 | 0.07 |
5.0 (Buss, Plomin, 1984) | 0.63 | 0.12 | 0.62 | -0.13 | 0.53 | -0.03 |
8.5 (Matheny, Dolan, 1980) | 0.45 | 0.11 | 0.56 | 0.06 | 0.66 | 0.19 |
10 - 18 (Saudino et al., 1995) | 0.56 | 0.27 | 0.73 | 0.19 | 0.52 | 0.05 |
. - (1400 11 - 18 ) , [44].
, , - EAS [12]. . 2 , EAS.
, . 2, , . . . [64] (708 - , , ) , , (EAS) . - 70% () 80% (). - 55% () 64% (). . , (56%). .
, () ( ).
, , ( ? (N 25) , ? (N 41) ? (N 55) ? (N 70)), ( ? (N 9) ? (N 40) , ? (N 100)). EPI [24] EAS [12]. 60%, [22, 42, 44] [64]. , , [22, 42, 44] [64].
() () . , , (EPI [24]) (EAS [12]). - , ( , ? (N 71) ? (N 72) - , , ? (N 102)), - ( ? (N 104)). 66%. , EAS [64]. . [64] -
. 36
60% () 68% (). (16%) (56%) . - 40% [42]. , , , [22] , EAS [64]. , . , . . . - , , , (, [55]).
, , , , , , , 12 - 14 .
(, . .), , , , , . , , - , [26]. , [26]. . , [17]. , .
- - . . . [4], . () ( ), . , , , [3, 6, 12]. [3, 6, 12]. , - (), () ().
, , , , , , , . - . , , - . , ( 12 - 14 ), , , .
1. 85 64 12 - 14 - . . : 60 66% , .
2. - , , , - .
3. -
. 37
.
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