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. 78
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1) ; 2) -
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1 (- ); (- ); (- ); , (- ). : , , , ( ). , - [75]. [25, 52], ( ). , . - , - [45]. (. ).
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2 () , ( "" "", "" ""). , , "" (, ..), (, ), . , () . , , , , .., "" "", ( , , " ", - ), . , [12] , , ( , , , ..) . , ( ), , .. ( ), , ( ), .
. 79
( ). , , , , , ( , ), - ( , ) - ( , ) () . . ( ) , , ( ). , - - . , , , 3, .
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2. ( ), , .. .
3. , 100% , .. 50%, , "" "" - : , .. , , (, , ..). "" , "", "", , , 50%, , 4.
, , (), " ", X "" (. 1). . (. . [41]). -
3 (. . , . . , . , . .), (X. .), (. ), (. , . , . .), (. , . , . .), - (. , . . , . , . .) (. , . , X. .), "" , , (. .), , , . , , - : [1, 3, 12,15,16, 19, 31, 32, 34, 38,41,43,47,48, 53, 59,60, 68, 70, 76, 79].
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. 80
5, (. . [68, 70] .) 6, - , [57, 67,68,70].
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5 , , , , , , - , , .
6 "" (bias), [72], . (self-enhancement) [72] ( [30], [39]) , , , , .. .
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8 - . , , (, , 90- - . [9, 77]). , , (, , , , , 1994 . 40 [37]), , . , , - [8, 37, 40]. , - : , "" [37]. - (. ., [78]).
9 . [18], : 10% , 35% , . 1991 1992 , , 72.4 74.2% [33].
10 - , "" "" ( ), "" ( . ), "" , .
11 () "" , "" [21].
. 81
- , . , , ( ), , "", . , , . , , , (.. , . . ) ( , ) . , () ( 4 - 5), () , , , ( 3-4).
( ), () , 4 . - , [61,79]) 12 - , , - ( ) [45] 13.
, (" ") (" ") , , , ( 3- ) ( 5- ), , , ( 4- ). , , , , , .
, , "" , , , .. , -, , , , , , , . - "" , , (, , " " ). , , 14.
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12 . . [10].
13 , , , .
14 / , , , . . [29] ( , , : ). , , . .
. 82
( , ..), . , , X (. 1), .
. , , ? , , , . , , , , . [74], "-" ( ), ( , , ), . , , , , (, , ) . . .
. (. 1), :
1. .
2. ( U -) .
3. J - .
4. J - .
. , , , , , , , ( 8 , ). , "" ( ) , , . , "" "" , , . , , . -, , , . -, , , , , , . -, "" , ( ), , [17]. , 181 , 89 92 (76 , 59 - , 46 - ) 13.09 - 15.6 ( = 14.32; SD = 0.60). - , , - (t (1, 179) = 0.27; = 0.79). ; , .
. [34]
. 83
1. ( = 181)
SD | ||||
3.53 | 1.60 | 5.20 | 0.91 | |
() | 1.97 | 1.00 | 3.90 | 0.52 |
() | 3.01 | 1.89 | 4.00 | 0.44 |
( - ) | 1.04 | -0.90 | 3.00 | 0.80 |
( + ) | 5.01 | 3.07 | 7.60 | 0.50 |
. [20] ( ) [5, 6, 49, 50]. 20 : / (, " "), 9 / (, " "). [27, 49, 50, 62], . , [51], , "" . : - - - . 0.70 0.80. () () , . , ( - [45]), (, / *) 15. , -. ( 1 6) ( , , , , ), .
16. , (. 1), - (?(179) = 17.42; < 0.0001), .. , , , .
, , (. 2). ( = 1.43 + 0.93 - 0.13 ^2; R = 0.25;
. 2. . ( = 181).
15 - / 0,96, + * 0.94. 0.93 - 0.97 [4]. , , , , 0.94,0.97,0.99 0.90.
16 : - ; - ; SD - ; r - ; R - ; t - ; F - F; - .
. 84
2. :
= 89 | n = 92 | |||||
SD | SD | SD | ||||
3.78 | 0.87 | 3.29 | 0.90 | 3.73 | 0.0003 | |
() | 1.97 | 0.49 | 1.97 | 0.54 | -0.04 | 0.9666 |
() | 3.02 | 0.42 | 3.00 | 0.45 | 0.38 | 0.7021 |
( - ) | 1.05 | 0.78 | 1.03 | 0.83 | 0.23 | 0.8147 |
( + ) | 4.99 | 0.49 | 4.97 | 0.56 | 0.28 | 0.7813 |
F(2, 178) = 5.88; < 0.003): 3.5 , . ( = = 1.39 + 1.98/ ; R = 0.36; F (1, 179) = 27.98; p < 0.0001), . J ( = -1.98 + 1.58 - 0,19 ^2; R = 0.33; F(2, 178) = 10.60; < 0.0001). ( = 4.84 + 0.29 - 0.06 ^2; R = 0.31; F(2, 178) = 9.40; p < 0.0001) 17.
. (. 2) , ( < 0.0003), , , , [71].
, , , . , (. 3) : = 0.78 + 1.30 - 0.18 ^2; R = 0.34; F(2, 86) = 5.78; < 0.004 ( ); = 1.21 + 2.78/ ; R = 0.48; F(1, 87) = 25.39; < 0.0001 ( ); = -3.38 + 2.28 - 0.28 ^2; R = = 0.42; F(2, 86) = 9.18; < 0.0001 ( ); = 5.23 + + 0.15 - 0.05 ^2; R = 0.44; F(2, 86) = 10.32; < 0.0001 ( ).
, (. 4), , , , . -
. 3. . ( = 89).
17 20%.
. 85
. 4. . ( = 92).
: () = 1.93 + 0.63 - 0.09 ^2; R = 0.17; F(2, 89) = = 1.28; < 0.28 ( ); = 1.47 + 1.62; R = 0.30; F(1, 90) = 9.01; < 0.003 ( ); = = -1.24 + 1.19 - 0.15 ^2; R = 0.27; F(2, 89) = 3.39; < 0.038 ( ); = 5.15 + 0.03 - 0.02 ^2; R = 0.22; F(2, 89) = 2.20; < 0.12 ( ).
(. 3): ; ( J - ); ( ). . ( ).
, , , , , . , , , (, / *). , , - . ( < 0.08). , < 0.02.
, , , , . : ; ; J- ;
3.
(n = 181) | ( = 89) | ( = 92) | ||||
r | p | r | p | r | p | |
() | -0.35 | 0.0001 | -0.45 | 0.0001 | -0.28 | 0.006 |
() | 0.06 | 0.4110 | 0.03 | 0.7820 | 0.08 | 0.4560 |
( - ) | 0.26 | 0.0010 | 0.30 | 0.0040 | 0.23 | 0.028 |
( + ) | -0.29 | 0.0001 | -0.42 | 0.0001 | -0.24 | 0.040 |
. 86
( , , ). "" .
. , . , , , [55], , "" : , , , [63]. . - , -, [2, 26, 32, 48, 56], : 18.
(context factors) (content factors) . [54], , , . - - , - . , - , ( ), , .
( , , , , ) , . . , , [12, 28]: , , , .. . , , , , , [28] . , , . , , ( ) , , , [58]. - [71] - , .
, . , , . ([23; . [69]) B.C. [12], , - [34]) 19. , ( ), , , . - - -
18 ( -): "" , [73].
19 " ". , .
. 87
, , . . . [42], , , , .
. / (/ ) , "" ( , ), (/ ) , , ( 20) , , .
. . , , , ( ), , , , .
. , , , , , , - "" , (). , , , , . , ; - ; - J- ; ( ) - J- . , , . , ( ) , . , , , , .
, , , , - ( ). , , , "" , , .
1. . . .: , 1990.
2. . . . .: , . 3. 1981.
3. . . . .: , 1990.
4. . . - : . .... . . . .: , 1981.
20 , , , [44] []).
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5. . . // . 2000. N2. . 11 - 23.
6. . . : // . . 2001. N 1.. 61 - 71.
7. . . : // . 2002.
8. . . // . . 1997. N 3. . 13 - 25.
9. . ., . . : // . ., 1995.
10. . . . .: , 1978.
11. . . : . --: , 1999.
12. B. C. . .: , 1983.
13. . . // . 1982. N 1.. 118 - 126.
14. . . . .: , 1970.
15. . . . - . .: , 1975.
16. X. . . 1. 2. .: , 1986. . 1, 2.
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