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. 79

( ). , , , , , ( , ), - ( , ) - ( , ) () . . ( ) , , ( ). , - - . , , , 3, .

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3. , 100% , .. 50%, , "" "" - : , .. , , (, , ..). "" , "", "", , , 50%, , 4.

, , (), " ", X "" (. 1). . (. . [41]). -

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. 80

5, (. . [68, 70] .) 6, - , [57, 67,68,70].

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8 - . , , (, , 90- - . [9, 77]). , , (, , , , , 1994 . 40 [37]), , . , , - [8, 37, 40]. , - : , "" [37]. - (. ., [78]).

9 . [18], : 10% , 35% , . 1991 1992 , , 72.4 74.2% [33].

10 - , "" "" ( ), "" ( . ), "" , .

11 () "" , "" [21].

. 81

- , . , , ( ), , "", . , , . , , , (.. , . . ) ( , ) . , () ( 4 - 5), () , , , ( 3-4).

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. 82

( , ..), . , , X (. 1), .

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3. J - .

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. , , , , , , , ( 8 , ). , "" ( ) , , . , "" "" , , . , , . -, , , . -, , , , , , . -, "" , ( ), , [17]. , 181 , 89 92 (76 , 59 - , 46 - ) 13.09 - 15.6 ( = 14.32; SD = 0.60). - , , - (t (1, 179) = 0.27; = 0.79). ; , .

. [34]

. 83

1. ( = 181)

SD
3.53 1.60 5.20 0.91
() 1.97 1.00 3.90 0.52
() 3.01 1.89 4.00 0.44
( - ) 1.04 -0.90 3.00 0.80
( + ) 5.01 3.07 7.60 0.50

. [20] ( ) [5, 6, 49, 50]. 20 : / (, " "), 9 / (, " "). [27, 49, 50, 62], . , [51], , "" . : - - - . 0.70 0.80. () () , . , ( - [45]), (, / *) 15. , -. ( 1 6) ( , , , , ), .

16. , (. 1), - (?(179) = 17.42; < 0.0001), .. , , , .

, , (. 2). ( = 1.43 + 0.93 - 0.13 ^2; R = 0.25;

. 2. . ( = 181).

15 - / 0,96, + * 0.94. 0.93 - 0.97 [4]. , , , , 0.94,0.97,0.99 0.90.

16 : - ; - ; SD - ; r - ; R - ; t - ; F - F; - .

. 84

2. :

= 89 n = 92
  SD SD SD
3.78 0.87 3.29 0.90 3.73 0.0003
() 1.97 0.49 1.97 0.54 -0.04 0.9666
() 3.02 0.42 3.00 0.45 0.38 0.7021
( - ) 1.05 0.78 1.03 0.83 0.23 0.8147
( + ) 4.99 0.49 4.97 0.56 0.28 0.7813

F(2, 178) = 5.88; < 0.003): 3.5 , . ( = = 1.39 + 1.98/ ; R = 0.36; F (1, 179) = 27.98; p < 0.0001), . J ( = -1.98 + 1.58 - 0,19 ^2; R = 0.33; F(2, 178) = 10.60; < 0.0001). ( = 4.84 + 0.29 - 0.06 ^2; R = 0.31; F(2, 178) = 9.40; p < 0.0001) 17.

. (. 2) , ( < 0.0003), , , , [71].

, , , . , (. 3) : = 0.78 + 1.30 - 0.18 ^2; R = 0.34; F(2, 86) = 5.78; < 0.004 ( ); = 1.21 + 2.78/ ; R = 0.48; F(1, 87) = 25.39; < 0.0001 ( ); = -3.38 + 2.28 - 0.28 ^2; R = = 0.42; F(2, 86) = 9.18; < 0.0001 ( ); = 5.23 + + 0.15 - 0.05 ^2; R = 0.44; F(2, 86) = 10.32; < 0.0001 ( ).

, (. 4), , , , . -

. 3. . ( = 89).

17 20%.

. 85

. 4. . ( = 92).

: () = 1.93 + 0.63 - 0.09 ^2; R = 0.17; F(2, 89) = = 1.28; < 0.28 ( ); = 1.47 + 1.62; R = 0.30; F(1, 90) = 9.01; < 0.003 ( ); = = -1.24 + 1.19 - 0.15 ^2; R = 0.27; F(2, 89) = 3.39; < 0.038 ( ); = 5.15 + 0.03 - 0.02 ^2; R = 0.22; F(2, 89) = 2.20; < 0.12 ( ).

(. 3): ; ( J - ); ( ). . ( ).

, , , , , . , , , (, / *). , , - . ( < 0.08). , < 0.02.

, , , , . : ; ; J- ;

3.

(n = 181) ( = 89) ( = 92)
r p r p r p
() -0.35 0.0001 -0.45 0.0001 -0.28 0.006
() 0.06 0.4110 0.03 0.7820 0.08 0.4560
( - ) 0.26 0.0010 0.30 0.0040 0.23 0.028
( + ) -0.29 0.0001 -0.42 0.0001 -0.24 0.040

. 86

( , , ). "" .

. , . , , , [55], , "" : , , , [63]. . - , -, [2, 26, 32, 48, 56], : 18.

(context factors) (content factors) . [54], , , . - - , - . , - , ( ), , .

( , , , , ) , . . , , [12, 28]: , , , .. . , , , , , [28] . , , . , , ( ) , , , [58]. - [71] - , .

, . , , . ([23; . [69]) B.C. [12], , - [34]) 19. , ( ), , , . - - -

18 ( -): "" , [73].

19 " ". , .

. 87

, , . . . [42], , , , .

. / (/ ) , "" ( , ), (/ ) , , ( 20) , , .

. . , , , ( ), , , , .

. , , , , , , - "" , (). , , , , . , ; - ; - J- ; ( ) - J- . , , . , ( ) , . , , , , .

, , , , - ( ). , , , "" , , .

1. . . .: , 1990.

2. . . . .: , . 3. 1981.

3. . . . .: , 1990.

4. . . - : . .... . . . .: , 1981.

20 , , , [44] []).

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