.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


Problem of confidence: history and Contemporary State




I. G. Skotnikova

Cand. sci. (psychology), sen. res. ass., IP RAS, Moscow

Contemporary psychological conceptions of confidence are analyzed. Foreign and Russian approaches studying confidence in judgments are discussed. The characteristics of paradigm of calibration (realism) of confidence that is prevalent on the West are emphasized.

Key words: confidence in judgments, estimation of probability, decision making, calibration (realism) of confidence, situations of uncertainty, threshold tasks, sensory discrimination.

. 60

: . . , . .

C) 2002 .

. . *, . . **

* . , , . - ,

** -- , , ,

. , - , . "-" . .

: , - , , .

. , , , - , [25]. , , : , ? : [6], , "" .

.. [4] , , . .. [20]: , , . , , , .

, . , , [16, 26, 28], , . - , . . , [2, 3, 23, 24, 27, 29]: , ?

. ", , , " [6, . 27-30]. ,

. 61

. , ( ) . [29], , - " ", , . . . " " - , , .

, , .

, [19]. - (), [1, 2]. / ( ) , [5]. , [14]. : . "" , , , , . , , , .

, , , [10, 18, 21, 33, 34] ., . . , [15, 17, 27, 30, 31, 32] .

, , . () , .

, , , .

. , , . , . . , , .

. [9] " " . .. [7] " ", , - () ( X. , .. , A.M. , .. .. ). , , - . .. " , "" "" - , "" - " [1, . 43-44]. ( ). , ,

. 62

.

.

, , - .

- : , , .

, , : 1) ? 2) - ? 3) ?

. .

. 128 (34 , 27 , 34 33 ) . .

(. . , . , . . . - .: [8]), , . , - [8, 12]. , , , , , [8, 55]. , , , " " [13, . 358]. . , , " , , , " ( ). , , . , .

. . 1

, , , - .

, ( 2 3, 36 ), , ; 3x3 , , .

. ; .

. , . : " . . " 4.

. , , . : " . . ".

. , , ( ), , , - . , 5.

. , , : " , ". . "" "", - "" "" . .

, . : " , . () () , () () . . ".

36 . :

1 .. .

2 , , , , , .

3 , , , , , .

4 , : " , ".

5 X. (. [5]).

. 63

1. "/"

(X 2)
    44.01, <. 0000
(66.6%) (33.3)  
    45.37, <. 0000
(17.6%) (82.4)  

1) . , ( ) . , , (), () - . , ;

2) , . , , ( ) . , - , ;

3) . , , .

. 1 ( ) ( ) . 6

66% , - 33%. . 18% , - 82%. . 1.

"" 14 34 (41%) 7, .

, , "" , 50% , (45%). 1 (5%) , . , "" , 57% , (43%).

4-5- "" . , 100% , "" , . , , 14%, - 24%, - 62% .

3-4- 5-6- , (. . 2).

; . 3.

. 3 , , (. . 2). 51 24%; - 41 81%. . , - .

. 1. ( %) "/" .

6 n = 128 ; n = 108, 20 3-4- ; 108, 128 .

7 , .

. 64

2. ( %)

(X 2)
     
3-4 . 90.90 69.69 48.48 13.34
  9.09 30.30 51.51 < .0004
4-5 . 55.55 51.85 37.04 4.154
  44.45 48.14 62.96 <.125
5-6 . 69.69 75.75 69.69 .333
  30.30 24.24 30.30 < .846
6-7 . 84.84 69.69 75.75 1.48
  15.15 30.30 24.24 < .476
      2.417
        < .298

, ( ), . "" "" , 100%, . . 4.

. 4 , "" . ( ) (X 2 = 13.84; < 0.16). (X 2 = 90.88; < .00000). : " , ". , , .

, . , . , .

: " , , ", " , , , , , - ". , . : "", , - "", "".

, , : ("-

3. ( %)

( 2)
  3- 4- 90.90 9.09 13.129
4- 5 - 55.55 44.45 <. 004
5 - 6- 69.69 30.30  
6- 7- 84.84 15.15  
  3- 4- 69.69 30.31 1.461
4- 5 - 51.85 48.15 p <.691
5- 6- 75.75 24.25  
6- 7- 69.69 30.30  
  3- 4- 48.48 51.51 12.64
4- 5- 37.04 62.96 <. 005
5- 6- 69.70 30.30  
6- 7- 75.75 24.25  
  3- 4- 0.00 41.17 15.44
4- 5 - 30.47 69.53 <.0015
5- 6- 21.22 78.78  
6- 7- 18.18 81.82  

. 65

- , - "); "" "" . , : " ".

. 2. . (3- - ; 4- - ).

, [27, 30, 31], .

, - , "" . . . . [6] . .. " " [29].

. , [22, . 103]. , , . , [22, . 96]. "" . [4]. , .

(. 2), . ( 3- 5- ), , - . , : (. 2). " " .

, , , , ( ), , , - . , . B.C. [22] , , , . ,

4. () ( %)

 
"" ("")            
"" ("") 0.5   2.5      

. 66

, , .

. "" . , , . : " , . "" ... "" ... , " [22, 135] ( ). , , , - 8.

: " - () - " () . , (82 18%), . "", "" (, ), "" "" - : , , . : ( , ) , "" , . : , "" . .

, , . , , , - - . , ( ) , - , . " ".

, . 9.

(. 1) (!) 1 4.5. , , . - .

- : , ? ?

. : " " [6, . 15]. . , : " , " [6, . 27]. , [6, . 30]. " ". , , . " ", .

. , . -

8 , , "" ( ), , .

9 , - .

. 67

, .. , , , , , . , ( ) . .

() . ( ), , (!). : = --; = ; = , . , , - .

- ? - ?

[30, 31]. , () , , , . , , .. "", (" ") . . .. [11]. , (, ), - (, ). ; - .

, , , . , ; (). , "" ( ) "" , "" - . , ( " - ") , " - ".

" " , , , , .. , , - 10, : ("" - . ) , .

, , , . .

: (3-5 ) , . " ", - " ", . 4--5- , , , , - 100% , , . -

10 .

. 68

. , "" , , , , . . . , , , " " - .

, , - . - , . , , , , , , , .

, . : , "" - .

1. , , . 4.5 , . , - .

2. - , () , , "" .

3. - , .

4. , . , - . : .

, " " [3], . . , " " - , , .

1. .. . .: , 1980.

2. .. . .: , 1999.

3. .., .. // : / . . .. . .: -, 1999. . 218-241.

4. .. // . 1958. N 1.. 55-58.

5. .., .., .. // . . 1999. N 5. . 75-80.

6. . . . .: , 1977.

7. .. . .: - . -, 1981. . 3.

8. .., .. // / . .. .. . .: , 1968. . 34-81.

9. . . .: , 1912.

10. .. // .. . : . -, 1920. . 201-286.

. 69

11. . . // / . .. . ., 1970. . 319-327.

12. .., .., .., .. . ., 1967.

13. .. // . .-, 1997. . 341-366.

14. .. . .: - , 1981.

15. .., .. // : . ., 1983. . 220. . 50-55.

16. .., .., A.M. . .: , 1989.

17. .. // . . 14. "". 1995. N 4. . 27-35.

18. . (). .: " ", 1990.

19. .. - . . .: , 1967.

20. .. // : / .: - , 1998. . 90- 100.

21. - .. . ., 1982.

22. B.C. / . .. .: , 1985.

23. .. . . .: , 1983.

24. .. . .: , 1987.

25. / . .. , .. . .: -, 1996.

26. ., . . .: , 1978.

27. .. : .... . . . ., 1994.

28. .., .. . .: , 1984.

29. .. . .: , 1983.

30. .. // / . .. .. . .- : , 2000. . 76-94.

31. .. . : - , -club, 2000.

32. Birren F. Color psychology and color therapy: A factual study of the influence of color on human life. N.Y., cop. 1961.

33. Collot d'Herbois L. Colour (Part One). A Textbook for the Painting Group "Magenta". Iowa, 1979.

34. Itten J. The elements of color. N.Y., 1970.

SPECIFICITY OF EMOTIONAL CATEGORIZATION OF CHROMATIC AND GEOMETRIC FEATURES IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN

P. V. Yanshin *, Yu. V. Fomina **

* Cand. sci. (psychology), decent, head of the chair of general psychology, Dept. of psychology, Samara State Pedagogic University, Samara

** Psychologist, regional center of psychological, medical and pedagogic diagnostics and correction for preschool and school children, Samara

There are presented the results of empirical research on specificity of emotional categorization of objects chromatic features. The appropriateness of such categorization is proved, hypotheses of innate physiological mechanisms of chromatic-emotional categorization and age-related dynamics of its further development are advanced. Detected effects of "sensitization - desentization" to form and colour are described. The problems of further study of revealed typological feature related to form and colour in early childhood and diagnostic opportunities of the research model are discussed.

Key -words: colour as an object characteristic, chromatic- emotional categorization, specific categorial structures, age-related dynamics.

. 70

: ( I)

: . .

C) 2002 .

- , ,

30 .. ( ). , (the Self, the Actor etc.). - , ( ) , , .. - . - , , : -, , ..

: , , , , , .

16 1971 . 30 . , , (1927- 1989) - . 1960- -, , , .. . "" .

: .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. . .. , .. , .. , .. , - .. , . , , .. . .. - , .

: ( ) .. 1912-1914 ., - .. 1941 ., - .. 1945 . 1940- : 1943 . .. (1889-1960) - .

1945 . - . , [3].

11 1960 . .. . .. . , , , , , ( ), ..

, 1972 . .. .. .

.. - : , , - -

. 71

.. -.

.. [8, 9] , .

.. " " , , (., , " " 1982, 1991-1993; 1996, N 6; 1997, N 2, .). , 2001 2002 . , - , 5-6 (.. 25- ). - .

( , .. ) "" , . , , , , , .. , "" , "": 1) - 2) -.

.. , . , , , ( ) ( , , ). . , , , , .. . , , , - .. .. .. , .. - , . " (die Tat) ", , , : " ".

XX . . (. Cassirer), .. , .. . , ( ) ( ). - , , -.

, , () , , . , - . - (, ), : , . , , , , , , .. , 1-2 , "" .

, - (.. - ), - (.. - ), -, - ( ., , [11]). , -, - ( - ), .

( , ..) - . , 1989 . 1995 . 2000 . .

. 72

, , , , , , ( ). , ( . ).

10-15 (.. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. .). (, .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. .).

, :

, , , : 1) , 2) , , 3) , - 4) . , - , - , - [10, 11, 14]. , - . () , , ..

- , ( ) , , , .. , 7-10 , (, ..), ,





:


: 2016-12-06; !; : 435 |


:

:

,
==> ...

795 - | 791 -


© 2015-2024 lektsii.org - -

: 0.184 .