8.1 : ; 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 , . 14.1 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 () ; 8 ( ); 9 ; 10 ; 11
, ( 8.1). h ( ) ( 8.1).
.
( + , ). .
.
N = 52,64 ; = 38,95 ͷ (. , 5, 5.1).
( 6.1) :
= 1166 ; ; ; 2;
2; ; =1,404 /2; k = 1,09;
2, (4.7)
=1,22+0,905(1-1,22)=1,021
= ͷ.
(8.1)
;
(8.3).
=1,3*0,9*1,0*1,2*0,952*1,0=1,34 /2.
= < = 1,34; = 0,3028
(8.2)
;
. .
.. > ,
.
( 8.1)
, S 6 ( .1, ).
(8.6)
;
= ;
:
. 2
Rbt = 23,0/2 092 19281 73* 24 30 ( .3, ).
d = 24, F = 3,522 ( .2, ) 092 19281 73*.
( 8.1, ).
ͷ.
l = b + 2 1; 1 = 24/2+10=2,2; 18,5+2*2,2=22,9 .
d = 24 8509-93 Ix = 198.17 4 Z0 = 3 , 245 27772-88, Ry = 24/2.
(8.10)
/2 <
Z:
β = 0,125, l l = l ≤ 10h; h = 3*3,3 = 9,9 ; l =109=90 ; /2
=0,21*0,9*1,0*1,2*1,0=0,227
/2
<
3, l .=3*44,9=134,7. l = 140 .
|
|
2. , , .
4
4.1
− (. 1). 2, II (gn=1,0), 1,26 /2, III. - , − -30 245, 255.
1 .
=36, h = ;
h = ´36 =6,00, i =0,1, 4,0 , h =6,00-18´0,1 =4,2 .
tg a=0,1 a=5,71: d=9/cos a =9,04;
2-3: p = =25 ;
4-5: p = =30;
3-4: =2,33+5´0,1=2,83.
4.2
:
g= g / ´ cosa = =0,26 /2
g= g / = =0,3 /,
g − , gn (.. );
g − gn;
;
a − .
:
g=
g p ;
, , 2 50 ;
− ;
a =1,1¸1,3 , .
:
p=Sg´m,
Sg 12 (. 4*, 2.01.07-85*);
m − ( ). m = 1.
Sg m .
Sg 12 Sg = 1,12 /2.
:
s=Sg´m = 1,12 ´ 1 = 1,12 /2.
1 .
g =(g+g)´ =(0,26+0,121)´3=1,143/,
, , ;
g =(g+ g)´; g= /2
g =(0,3+0,178)´3 =1,434 /
p =psgn=1,12´3´0,9=3,024 /.
Pg =g´ n=1,434´5=7,17 ;
P =p´ n =3,024´5 =15,12 ;
n =5 .
(. 1) : Pg P . .
=1 | , . | |||||||||
Pg= =7,17 | Pc=15,12 | + | - | |||||||
1-3 | -1,8 | -0,9 | -2,7 | -19,36 | -27,22 | -13,61 | -40,83 | - | -60,19 | |
2-4 | -1,8 | -0,9 | -2,7 | -19,36 | -27,22 | -13,61 | -40,83 | - | -60,19 | |
-2 | ||||||||||
-5 | 1,5 | 1,5 | 21,51 | 22,68 | 22,68 | 45,36 | 66,87 | - | ||
2-3 | 1,95 | 2,95 | 21,152 | 29,48 | 15,12 | 44,6 | 65,76 | - | ||
4-5 | 0,325 | -0,75 | -0,425 | -3,05 | 4,91 | -11,34 | -6,43 | 4,91 | -14,39 | |
1-2 | -1,5 | -0,5 | -2 | -14,34 | -22,68 | -7,56 | -30,24 | - | -44,58 | |
3-4 | -1 | -1 | -7,17 | -15,12 | -15,12 | - | -22,29 |
|
|
4.3
- N=60,19 , :
=0,125 g 2,
g=(0,3+ 0,178)3=1,256 /,
g =(g+) =1,256 +3,024 =4,28 /,
g - , , .
=0,125´4,28´52 =13,38 .
lmax , , .
b = ,
ef ;
lmax .
:
= =14,47:
4-5
= =13,84 .
lmax 14 .
( , , , ) , =15. 13.
, - .
4.3.1
: h =(1,5¸2),
h =22,5¸30; 1 I ´h =15´25.
:
F =´h =15´25 =3752; W= = =1562,53
I = = =19531,34;
.
:
£0,4 ; £0,4 =8,89;
:
£0,25h; £0,25´25 =6,25.
=6,2.
, , :
MN= N´ =60,19´0,062 =3,73 .
:
s = £R*,
d , ;
d = / x - N / ( ´ x),
x -, , :
x =1 - ,
j - , l :
; ;
,
Rc*= Rc´ mi ;
R ( ), , , 3 ;
|
|
mi , .
Rc* = Rc´ m ´ mn =15´0,85´0,9 =11,475 =1,1475 /2;
x ;
= +x(1-) =0,81+0,775(1-0,81) =0,957,
[4 c.25].
Md =13,38/0,775-3,73/(0,957´0,775) =12,24 .
0,94 /2 =9,4 ,
s =9,4 < RC*=11,475 .
< 0,1
( ) (6) .
/2;
/2
4,87>0,1,
, .
:
£1,
jy , ;
115,8; ;
jm , :
,
k , 0, 2 4 ;
;
Ru* , Ru* =Rc* ;
0,68<1.
:
f =fo-2Nde ,
gn 1 , ,
g =(gn+Pd´) =(0,979+0) =0,979/
gn .
gn = g´+9,81h´b´r´gn/cos 5,71o =0,26´3+9,81´0,25´0,15´0,6´0,9/0,995= =0,979 /.
d /2, .5.1.[3] .
0,0 I II ; 0,3 III ; 0,5 IV ;
0,6 V VI .
: d =0,0´0,7 =0,0.
Nd g d.
Nd = ;
, =a +x(1-a), a , 1,22 , 0,81 ,
=0,81+0,775(1-0,81)=0,957.
.3.5 , , , , m, m m.
:
m =0,85;
m =1, .. ;
m =1, .. , , 80% , =0,087<0,1.
E' =E´m´m´m =1000´0,85´1´1=850 /2.
f = 0,2.
; .
- , .
£ 3 = ; =6 = ; = 12 = .
<
..5.29 5.30 , .. ( ) .
, ,
N , ;
Q , ,
Q = ;
g =gn ´+9,81´gf ´h´b´rgn/cosa+P =0,3´3+9,81´1,1´0,25´0,15´0,6´0,9/0,995+3,024 =4,14 /,
|
|
a =1,1 .
F , F=b(h-2) =15(25-2´6,2)=1892;
R* - , R* =R´m´m
R =1,6 3 , R* =1,6´0,85´0,9 =1,224 .
0,32 /2 =3,2 < R* =11,475 ;
0,06 /2 =0,6 < R* =1,224 .
. 5, N =66,87 .
:
F = ,
N ;
Ry ;
g =0,95 . 6 6* ;
g1 =0,85 , 2 .
F = 2.
2- 50´5,
=9,6 2, ; r =1,53 .
, .. ef =1000 l >lmax,
ef =500 , l = ,l =327< lmax =400.
2-3. N =65,76 .
:
F = =3,39 2.
2-
50´5, =9,6 2, rx =1,53 , ,
l = < lmax =400.
4-5. N = -14,39 .
, , :
.
1 1
´h =15´15c, F =2252.
:
*
/2 =4,05 <Rc* =11,475 .
.
s = ,
Np =4,91 . . 4;
R*p = Rp ´m ´m ´m =7´0,85´0,9´0,8 =4,284 ;
Rp .3 [4];
m =0,8 .
F .
F = F- F =15´15-2´1,2´15 =1892;
< R*p =4,284 .
3-4. N = -22,29.
:
2 9,5d = 9,5´1,2 =11,4 ; ´h =15´12,5 , F =´h =15´12,5 =187,5 2,
> 70,
: R* =14´0,85´0,9 =10,71 .
/2 =2,44 < R* =10,71 .
1-2. N = -44,58 .
:
.
2 h=12,5 ,F =187,52,
< 70, .
:
/2 =3,56 <R* =10,71 .
-2.
:
´h =15´15 .
4.3.2
.
=16 ( : 4-7 10-15 ) 175´40 . 7 :
h =3,3´7 =23,1 ; F =16´23,1 =396,6 2;
W = =1422,9 3; I = =16435,2 c4;
£ 0,25h =0,25´23,1 =5,77 ;
=5,7 .
N = N´ =60,19´0,057 =3,43 .
:
;
d = / x - N / ( ´ x);
;
;
Rc* =11,475 .
;
K = ;
d = ;
/2 =10,67 < R* =11,47 ;
/2; /2;
> 0,1;
, (6) .
:
£ 1
; ;
Ru* =Rc* =11,475 .
< 1.
:
f =f0 2Nd ;
g = g´+9,81h´b´r´gn/cos 5,71o =0,26´3+9,81´0,231´0,16´0,6´0,9/0,995= =0,977 /.
Nd , . 13, Nd =15,4.
|
|
=a +x(1-a) =0,81 =0,751 (1- 0,81) =0,953;
' =´m´md´m =1000´1´1´0,85 =850 /2.
f = .
< .
.. 5.29 5.30 :
; ;
/h =0,5 =1,09; /h =0,6 =1,07; /h =0,7 =1,05;
/h =0,8 =1,04; /h y =1,39;
y =1,33; y =1,2; y =1,12; /h xy .
=h-2 =23,1-2´5,7 =11,7 , /h = ; =1,09; Kxy =1,39;
F =b (h-2) =16´11,7 =187,2 2.
Q =a´ q ´ =1,1´4,14´5/2 =11,385 .
R* =1,224 .
q=gn´+9,81´gf´h´b´r´ +p= =0,3´3+9,81´1,1´0,231´0,16´0,6´ +3,024 =4,14 /.
/2 =3,5 < R* =11,475 .
/2 =0,84 <R* =1,224 .
4-5. N = -14,39 .
:
4-5 5 16 :
h =5´3,3 =16,5 ; F =b´h =16´16,5 =264 2.
:
; ;
/2 =2,88 < R* =11,475 .
, .. , .
3-4. N = -22,29 .
:
h .
1 3 :
h =3´3,3 =9,9 ; F =16´9,9 =158,4 2;
;
:
/2 =4,6 < R* =11,475 .
1-2. N = -44,58 .
:
h =3´3,3 =9,9 ; F =16´9,9 =158,4 2;
;
:
/2 =6,2 < R* =11,475 .
-2.
:
h =5´3,3 =16,5 ; F =16´16,5 =264 2.
.
3.3. , . , ( ) .
4.4
4.4.1. .. (.2). 9 2 4 :
b 9 = ,
b ;
R* 90 , , R* 90 = R 90´m´m = 3´0,85´0,9 =2,295 .
9 2 h, h+1/3b. .
9 , , Q (. . 2.3) .
= ;
, h:
, t 9 =1,2 ,
g =1,2 6* .11[6] 285 40.
9 b9>h+ +(1/3)b, 9 , . 4d; t ³ 4d, t ³ 4´1,2 =4,8 ;
t = =5.
9 5.
( -08 2): 1,4 :
Rwfm =bf´ Rwf ´gwf =0,7´21,5´1 =15,05 /2;
Rwzm =bz´ Rwz ´gwz =1´0,45´37´1 =16,65 /2,
bf bz , , , ;
gwf gwz , 1 , , I1, I2, II2, II3, gwf =0,85 Rwf =410 gwz =0,85 ;
Rwz =0,45 Run ;
Run ;
Rwf .
Rw min =Rwfm =15,05/2.
9 5:
=b 9 1 =12,5 1=11,5 ,
kf = ,
N9 =N, Rwm =Rw min Rwfm Rwzm.
kf =
kf = kf min =6.
9, , 1,5. , , , , 9 , .
6 (. 2,3). . , . .
1 6 (. 2,3)
= 2
/2.
(. 3) 0,21 h 1:
h =h -2´ =25 -2´6,2 =12,6 , ³0,21 h =0,21´12,6 =2,6 ,
=2,6 .
1:
.
1:
,
t =5.
2 . 5 0,8 t , t =0,8 t =0,8´0,6 =0,48 , t =5. -082,
Rwm =15,05 /2.
2 :
,
Npi =N /8 , 1 2 5;
kf =kf min .
.
=40 , h = +1 =4+1=5 .
2 :
t = ,
Npj =N /4 , ;
Rs =0,58 Ry ;
Ry , .
t = .
< 1,2 t =0,4, , , = =0,75< 1,2.
:
M =N ´b/8 =60,19´15/8 =112,85 .
:
F = t ´h +2t ´h =0,5´12,6 +2´0,4´5 =10,3 2.
0-0:
S0-0 = t ´h´ +2t ´h =
=0,5´12,6´ +2´0,4 ´5 =13,5753.
:
Xc = = =1,32.
-:
Ix-x = t´h´
:
W =Ix-x / max,
max - ,
max =h +t- =5+0,5-1,32=4,18;
W =23,8/4,18 =5,73
:
s = / W £ Rygc, s = /2< 24 /2.
2 1 .
2 1:
,
Nw =N/2 , 1 ;
=b-1 =15-1=14 ,kf =kf min =0,4,
/2<Rwm =15,05 /2.
,
Q , :
S 1 -.
S ;
/2 < 15,05 /2.
sloc tQ :
/2 < 15,05 /2.
.
3 5. -082, Rwm =15,05 /2,
Np = 65,76 . : kf0 =0,3; kfn = 0,3 .
; ,
a -, , ; a =0,7; , a =0,65; , a =0,75;
Np ;
g1 , , g1 =0,85.
;
.
; .
4.4.2 (.4)
:
N / £R 90*; N =2´Q =2´11,385 =22,77 ,
=b´h =15´12,5 =187,5 2.
/2 =1,21 < R* =2,295 .
, .
12