.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


) ,




11) , 12) , 13) ( )

. ‑

14) ( ), 15) ‑ ( ‑ , ), 16) ( ), 17) ( ‑ ; ), 18) , 19) , 20) ( ‑), 21) ‑, ), 22) , 23) , 24) ( ), 25) ( ), 26) ‑‑ ( , ), 27) , ( )

II.

29) ( ), 30) , 31) ( ), 32) ‑, 33) ‑ ( )

III.

34) , 35) , 36) , 37) .

 

[636]

 

1596 . , ‑ , . .

 

[637]

 

.

 

[638]

 

( ) . , , .

 

[639]

 

‑ 1864 ., , .

 

[640]

 

II 1581 . . 1640 . .

 

[641]

 

1850‑1854 . ( 1868 .) . ( ) . . . , . ( , , ) ‑ , , ( , ) .

 

[642]

 

, . 15 ( ) 1854 . 1868 . 118 1840 . ( : , ) 1958 .

 

[643]

 

, , , , 30 43 . 4 5 . . ( ) 500 . , . 1531 . , 130 57 ( ) , , . , , 6‑8 ., , .

 

[644]

 

(. 336‑264 ..) () . . III ., 1‑ . II . .. , , . (), , XII . .., .

 

[645]

 

( . . ) . XX . , . porte .

 

[646]

 

1889 . : 1908 ., , , .

 

[647]

 

, , ‑, , , , , . . XV .; : , .

 

[648]

 

, , ( II ). , 70 70 , . : . 250 . .., 114 . .. , .

 

[649]

 

. III . .. ‑ I , , . , . .

 

[650]

 

726 ( 741 ) . III , , . , . . VI (866‑912, . 886). . VII (905 959, . 913) , . , , , , , .

 

[651]

 

, , .

 

[652]

 

, . , ( ), , , . II . .. . 622 ., . .

 

[653]

 

316 . .

 

[654]

 

, , , , .

 

[655]

 

: . () , VII . . . , . ‑ , , , . .

 

[656]

 

841‑846 . , .

 

[657]

 

53 : , .

 

[658]

 

2‑ . VII . . (673‑735), , () , . , .

 

[659]

 

. . , . , . (. 735‑804): . , .

 

[660]

 

. XVI XVII . ; , , , . (1530‑1596), (1596‑1650), (1657‑1757), (1561‑1626) (1666‑1727).

 

[661]

 

, . .

 

[662]

 

, , ( ; , ; ), , . ‑. . . (IX ., ), (XIXII .) .

 

[663]

 

790‑794 . . . , , . , (795) (824 825) , , .

 

[664]

 

1945 . , , , , ; , , ‑ .

 

[665]

 

( . t w t h r ), .

 

[666]

 

. . , , , , , , , , ‑ .

 

[667]

 

. . 1911‑1912 ., ; , (1862‑1933), , , .

 

[668]

 

, , . XIII .; . , , , , , , , .

 

[669]

 

. (1580‑1656) .

 

[670]

 

.

 

[671]

 

XIX . , . . . , , . ‑ .

 

[672]

 

, , ; . . 3000 . .. ( ?) , . (. . , 1395‑1455) (. 1420‑1492) c , , , .

 

[673]

 

. ‑ , .

 

[674]

 

nanny . . (. , ) .

 

[675]

 

, , . ; XIX . , (, ) .

 

[1]

 

. , . .: Oeuvres de Turgot, vol. II, Paris. 1844, p. 654

 

[2]

 

.: Vinogradoff. Paul. Enalish Sodctv XVII. Oxiord. 1908.

 

[3]

 

Lord Acton. Lectures on modem History. London, 1906.

 

[4]

 

Hammond. J.H. and Barbara. The Rise of Modern Industry. London, 1925, Preface, pp. VIIIIX.

 

[5]

 

‑ , , .

 

[6]

 

, , (. ), .

 

[7]

 

, , , (proles), , .

 

[8]

 

Gibbon . The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Ch. LXXXI.

 

[9]

 

, III * , , . , , ** 717 . : ‑, *** , ‑, , ****.

* III ( ) (. 675‑741) 717 . . 718 .

** 661‑750 ., . . , , , .

*** ( . evocatio ): , , : . ‑ .

**** . IV . XVI . VIIIIX . . VII . VIII ., , , . 754 ., , ( ) 787 . , , 843 .

 

[10]

 

‑ , , , ( ).

 

[11]

 

, : * 655‑639 . .. : , , . , .

* ‑ ( ). , . , . III . .. . . . III . .., XXIII XXI . .. XXXVIII . .., II . .. VIII VII . .. . . . VI . .. V . ..

 

[12]

 

, (), .

 

[13]

 

, ‑ , . , , . , , , , . ‑ ‑ , , ‑, , , .

 

[14]

 

. , , , .

 

[15]

 

, .. .

 

[16]

 

, , .

 

[17]

 

vans. Sir Arthur. The Earlier Religion of Greece in the Light of Cretan Discoveries. London. 1931, pp. 37‑41.

 

[18]

 

() ‑ *.

* ‑ , , , . III . .., VIII . .., .

 

[19]

 

, , , , . , .

 

[20]

 

, , . , , .

 

[21]

 

+ + + , , .

 

[22]

 

.: Hobhause L.T., W heeler G. ., Ginsberg M. The Material Culture and Social Institutions of the Simpler Peoples: An Essay in Correlation. London, 1915.

 

[23]

 

White A.F. China and Foreign Powers. London, 1927. p. 41.

 

[24]

 

: ‑‑, ‑‑, ‑‑, ‑‑ ( , , , , ).

 

[25]

 

, , , , . , , , , .

 

[26]

 

.: De Gobineau, le cointe J.A.Essai sur l'InigalitedeRacesHumaines. Paris. 1853 1855, 4 vols.

 

[27]

 

.: Chanberlain H.S. The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century. London, 1911.

 

[28]

 

, .

 

[29]

 

Jeans. Sir James. The Misterious Universe. Cambridge. 1930. pp. 2 3.

 

[30]

 

Hulitington. Ellsworth. Civilization and Climate. New Haven, 1924, p. 12.

 

[31]

 

Smuts J. Holism and Evolution. 2‑nd ed. L., 1927. pp. 218 219.

 

[32]

 

(paradise) ρ λ ρ λ δ ε ι δ ο δ, , : ; .

 

[33]

 

.

 

[34]

 

Spinden H.J. Ancient Civilization of Mexico and Central America. N.Y. 1917, p. 65.

 

[35]

 

Means P. A. Ancient Civilizations of the Andes. London, 1931, p. 415.

 

[36]

 

, , . , . , , . , , .

 

[37]

 

χ α λ ε π ' α τ ' κ α λ ' α (.) *.

*χ α λ ε π α τ α χ α λ α .

 

[38]

 

Pseudo‑Xenophontes. Der Aphinische Staat. Leipzig, 1913, Cap. 2.

 

[39]

 

. . . 2. ., 1965, . 650.

 

[40]

 

Olrik A. Viking Civilisation. London, 1930. pp. 177‑ 178.

 

[41]

 

Phillpotts . S. The Elder Edda. Cambridge, 1920, p. 207.

 

[42]

 

Diodorus of Aggrium. A Library of Universal History, vol. XII. London. 1929, ch. 1 2.

 

[43]

 

. , , : , , , .

 

[44]

 

‑ . , , , . , , .

 

[45]

 

SteensbyH. P. An Antropological Study of the Origin of the Eskimo Culture, Copenhagen, 1916, p. 205.

 

[46]

 

Ibid., . 156

 

[47]

 

PumpellyR. Explorations in Turkestan: Expedition of 1903. Carnegie Institution Publications. No 26. Washington, D. C., 1905, vol. I, p. XXVIII.

 

[48]

 

LybyerA.. The Government of The Ottoman Empire in the Time of Suleiman the Magnificent. Cambridge, Mass., 1913, p. 36.

 

[49]

 

LybyerA.H.Op.cit.,p.57‑58.

 

[50]

 

Gislenii Busbecqii A. Omnia qual Extant. Leyden, 1633. p. 59 62.

 

[51]

 

, , , , , , , , .

 

[52]

 

Huxley J.S. The Individual in the Animal Kingdom. Cambridge, 1912, pp. 131‑132.

 

[53]

 

Bergson . Les Deux Sources de la Morale et de la Religion. Paris. 1932, pp. 180 181.

 

[54]

 

Ibid. p. 55.

 

[55]

 

Eliot Ch. Hinduism and Buddhism, vol. 1. London, 1921, pp. XIIXIII.

 

[56]

 

ires J. L. The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. I. Cambridge. 1924, pp. 1‑2.

 

[57]

 

Carr‑Saunders A.M. The Population Problem. Oxford, 1922, . 116‑ 117.

 

[58]

 

Bergson . . cit., . 189.

 

[59]

 

Spengler . Untergang des Abendlandes. Bd. Berlin. 1920, S. 318 320.

 

[60]

 

Demolins . Comment la Route Cree le Type Social, vol. II, Paris, 1918.

 

[61]

 

.: Wells H. G. The Outline of History. London, Cassel, 1920.

 

[62]

 

Siegfried A. England's Crisis. London. 1931, pp. 125 126.

 

[63]

 

(.).

 

[64]

 

Smuts J. Op. cit., pp. 253‑254.

 

[65]

 

Bergson . . cit. . 22.

 

[66]

 

.: Smuts J. . cit., . 335.

 

[67]

 

Bergson . . cit., . 333.

 

[68]

 

Smuts J. . cit., . 306.

 

[69]

 

Ibid., . 305.

 

[70]

 

Smuts J. . cit., . 336.

 

[71]

 

Bcrgson . . cit., . 96.

 

[72]

 

Bergson . . cit., pp. 74. 181.

 

[73]

 

Wells H.G. Democracy and Revision. London. 1927. p. 42.

 

[74]

 

Bergson H.Op.cit., . 181.

 

[75]

 

Ibid., . 99.

 

[76]

 

(trasfr) (.) , . .

 

[77]

 

Ibn Haldun. Mlikaddamat. vol. II. Paris. 1863 1868. p. 437.

 

[78]

 

Bergson . . cit., pp. 235‑236.

 

[79]

 

. . ., 1936, . 115.

 

[80]

 

Ibn Haldun. . cit., vol. I, p. 28.

 

[81]

 

Ib Haldun. . cit, vol I, pp. 62‑68.

 

[82]

 

Davis N. W. . Medieval Eur. London, . 6.

 

[83]

 

Spengler . . cit. . 322.

 

[84]

 

Eliot Ch. . cit., vol. 1. pp. XIIXIV.

 

[85]

 

.: Heitland W.E. Agricola. Cambridge, 1921, p. 308.

 

[86]

 

Moore P. Sims. Myths and Men. Revised ed. London. M tiller. 1968, p. 224.

 

[87]

 

. , . 1. . 1923, . 121‑122.

 

[88]

 

.: Eliade . La Mythe de l'Eternel Retour. Paris, Gallimard, 1949, P. 131‑132.

 

[89]

 

. . IX, 28. . 1985, . 53.

 

[90]

 

. . ., . 1, ., . 243‑244.

 

[91]

 

Griaule M. Dieterlen G. The Dogon. In: Daryll Forde C. (ed.) African Worlds. London. Oxford, 1954, p. 84.

 

[92]

 

Volney . Les Ruines‑Oeuvres Completes. Paris, Dido, 1860, pp. 12 13.

 

[93]

 

. : Brown P. Augustine of Hippo. London, Faber and Faber, 1967, p. 85.

 

[94]

 

Davidson B. The Africans. London, Longmans, 1969, p. 147.

 

[95]

 

Arnold . Culture and Anarchy. London. Murray, 1869, pp. 13‑14.

 

[96]

 

Bergson H.Op.cit.p.251.

 

[97]

 

, .

 

[98]

 

Redivivum , (.).

 

[99]

 

, , .

 

[100]

 

, (. 19, 28, 3, 5) regeneration .

 

[101]

 

α π α θ ε ι α () , , , , .

 

[102]

 

Cary M.A. History of the Greek World from 323 to 140 .. 1932, .352 353.

 

[103]

 

More .. Platonism. Princeton, 1926, . 238‑ 239.

 

[104]

 

Vetius Valens. Antologiae. Berlin, 1908, S. 219 221, 240. 246.

 

[105]

 

.: Diehl Ch. The Roman Society from Nero to Markus. London, 1905.

 

[106]

 

Turner .J. The Frontier in American History. N.Y. 1921. pp. 3‑4.

 

[107]

 

Diehl Ch. . cit. . 391.

 

[108]

 

Diehl Ch. Op. cit.

 

[109]

 

.: Meyer . Geschichte des Altertums, in 5 Bd. 1884‑1902.

 

[110]

 

, , , , . , , . , , , *.

* . (. 3. 14) hwh , . , (, ) ( ) .

 

[111]

 

1938 ., , ‑ .

 

[112]

 

Warde‑FowlerW. The Religious Experience of the Roman People. London, 1911, p. 428‑429.

 

[113]

 

. . VII. 23. . 1985. . 38.

 

[114]

 

Meyer E. Geschichte des altertums. Bd. III. Stuttgart. 1901. S. 173‑174.

 

[115]

 

Thomas E.G. The History of Buddhist Thought. London, 1933, p. 62.

 

[116]

 

Epictetus. Dissertationes. lib. III, cap. 13, 11‑13.

 

[117]

 

Stherbatsk Th. The Central Conception f Buddhism and the Meaning of the Word Dharma. London, 1923. p. 74. 53.

 

[118]

 

Bevan E.R. Stoics and Sceptics. London, 1913. p. 66‑67.

 

[119]

 

Bevan E. R. Op. cit. p.69‑70.

 

[120]

 

. . . ., 1982, . 317.

 

[121]

 

, , I, 1844 ., 1853 . .

 

[122]

 

, , , , .

 

[123]

 

‑ , 21 1774 .; ‑ 15 1912 .; ‑ , 29 1913 .

 

[124]

 

, . , , , . , , , .

 

[125]

 

Lattimore O. Inner Asian Frontiers of China. London and New York, Oxford University Press. 1948. p. 184 197.

 

[126]

 

Ibid., p. 243.

 

[127]

 

Lattimore O. Op.cit., p.243.

 

[128]

 

Lattimore . . cit., pp. 243‑244.

 

[129]

 

Balsdon J.P.V.D. Rome: the Story of an Empire. London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 1970, p. 225.

 

[130]

 

Franke . Geschichle des Chinesisehen Reiches. Berlin, de Gruyter. 1930. I. S. 132‑133.

 

[131]

 

Zosimus. Historiae IV, XXXI. 1‑3.

 

[132]

 

Gronbechv. The Culture of Teutons. London. Oxford University Press, 1931, part II. p. 305.

 

[133]

 

Chadwich .. The Heroic Age. Cambridge, University Press. 1912, p. 39.

 

[134]

 

Wordsworth W. Elegiac Stanzas suggested by a Picture of Peele Castle in a storm.

 

[135]

 

Trotsky L. The History of the Russian Revolution. London, Gollencz, 1965. p. 24.

 

[136]

 

Albright W.F. From Stone Age to Christianity. Baltimore. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1957, pp. 337‑338.

 

[137]

 

air L. Primitive Government. Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1962.pp.254‑255.

 

[138]

 

Ibid.p.255.

 

[139]

 

.: Maquet J. Power and Society in Africa. London. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 1971, pp. 122‑123.

 

[140]

 

Deutscher I. Russia. China and the West. Oxford University Press. 1970. pp. 333‑334.

 

[141]

 

Bowring J. Report on Egypt and India dated 27 March 1839 and addressed to the Right Hon. Lord Viscount Palmerston. London. Clowes and Clowes. 1849, p. 49.

 

[142]

 

.: Vatikiotis P. J. The Modern History of Egypt. London. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 1969. pp. 49‑125.

 

[143]

 

Mason E.S. The Planning of Development.‑Scientific American. September 1963. p. 235.

 

[144]

 

Brown M. B. After Imperialism. London. Heinemann. 1963. p. 407.

 

[145]

 

.: Cohn N. The Pursuit of the Millenium. London, Temple Smith, 1970, p. 80.

 





:


: 2016-12-05; !; : 284 |


:

:

, .
==> ...

1405 - | 1346 -


© 2015-2024 lektsii.org - -

: 0.608 .