Cinemas in London
London is full of cinemas and cinema clubs, some of them showing a large number of continental films. Cinema-going is a regular habit for a considerable number of people in London; the number of cinema-goers is much larger than that of theatre-goers. Unfortunately, the cinema in Britain is looked upon as rather an entertainment than the arts. As a result, comparatively few films of international standard of quality are shot in Britain, and if they are, they are often a commercial failure.
If you want to know which films are on, there are many publications to help you. Any daily newspaper will have a short list of films and shows; some newspapers on sale in the middle of the day give the full list of films supplied with the hour when they begin.
Some cinemas show films in the afternoon, early evening and late evening; others have continuous programmes from about two o'clock in the afternoon till late at night.
In case you want to watch a film which is a hit of the season, with a popular actor or actress starring, and can't get to the cinema early enough to get tickets, you can buy them in advance in most large stores and hotels.
CONTROL WORK 1
Variant 5
.
Castles and Gardens
The Scots are great gardeners and you will find their gardens full of colour throughout the year, usually at their most beautiful when situated in the grounds of a magnificent castle.
Stirling Castle, like Edinburgh, is perched on a crag above the town. Up the east coast, in the regions of Dundee and Perth, Scone Palace has links with the earliest history of Scottish royalty, and it contents incorporate splendid French furniture. Almost as historic Glamis Castle, 15th ntury at its core, Blair Castle too, has played an important part in Scottish history and even today the Duke at Atholl has his own army the only private one in Britain.
St. Andrews has a castle, now in ruins, which was the Bishops palace as well as a fortress. Kinburn Park contains a scented garden planted especially for the blind. In the Aberdeen area, Craigievar Castle is a six-storeyed tower house, its skyline full of detail and typical of the original baronial style.
GRAMMAR REFERENCE
Appendix1
THE PRONOUN
() (, , , ) Who? Whom? | () Whose? | |
. | . | |
I | me | my |
You | you | your |
He | him | his |
She | her | her |
It | it | its |
We | us | our |
You | you | your |
They | them | their |
Appendix 2
THE VERB TO BE in Present Simple
+ | - | ? | ||
I am a student. | I am not a student. | Am I a student? | ||
You are a student. | You are not a student. | Are you a student? | ||
He is a student. | He is not a student. | Is he a student? | ||
It is a student. | It is not a student. | Is ita student? | ||
She is a student. | She is not a student. | Is she a student? | ||
We are students. | We are not students. | Are we students? | ||
You are students. | You are not students. | Are you students? | ||
They are students. | They are not students. | Are they students? | ||
THE VERB TO BE in Past Simple | ||||
+ | - | ? | ||
I was a lovely child. | I was not a naughty child. | Was I a lovely child? | ||
He was a lovely child. | He was not a naughty child. | Was he a lovely child? | ||
She was a lovely child. | She was not a naughty child. | Was she a lovely child? | ||
It was a lovely day. | It was not a gloomy day. | Was it a lovely day? | ||
We were lovely children. | We were not naughty kids. | Were we lovely children? | ||
You were lovely children. | You were not naughty kids | Were you lovely children? | ||
They were lovely children. | They were not naughty kids. | Were they lovely children? | ||
THE VERB TO BE in Future Simple
|
|
+ | - | ? |
I will be all right. | I will not be bad. | Will I be all right? |
You will be all right. | You will not be bad. | Will you beall right? |
He will be all right. | He will not be bad. | Will he be all right? |
She will be all right. | She will not be bad. | Will she be all right? |
It will be all right. | It will not be bad. | Will it be all right? |
We will be all right. | We will not be bad. | Will we be all right? |
You will be all right. | You will not be bad. | Will you be all right? |
They will be all right. | They will not be bad. | Will they be all right? |
Appendix3
S I M P L E | PRESENT | PAST | FUTURE | |
Always, usually, sometimes, often, seldom, never, every day (week, month, year), twice | Yesterday, last week (month, year, summer) ago, When? | Tomorrow, next week (year, Sunday), in a week, soon | ||
I V1 You play We write They | V2 played . . wrote . . | will+V1 will play will write | ||
He play s She write s It | ||||
I You play We do not write They (dont)_____________________ He does not play She (doesnt) write It | did not+V1 did not play (didnt) write | will not+V1 will not play (wont) write | ||
I Do you play ? we write? t hey_______________________ he Does she play? It write? | Did++V1? Did I/you/we/they/he/she/it play? Did I/you/we/they/he/she/it write? | Will ++V1? Will I/ you/we/they/he/she/it play? Will I/you/we/they/he/she/it write? | ||
C O N T I N U O U S | Now; at this moment; Look! | Yesterday at 5 oclock; when you came | Tomorrow at this time; when you come | |
To be+ V4 I am You playing We are writing They____________ He She is It | was / were +V4 You We were They________________ playing I He was writing She | will be+V4 will be playing will be writing | ||
To be not + V4 I am You not playing We are writing They____________ He She is It | was / were +not + V4 You We were They______________ not playing I He was writing She | will be+ not + V4 will not be playing will not be writing | ||
Am I you Are we they playing? he writing? Is she it | I Was he She it playing? you writing? Were we they | Will ++ be+V4? I you he Will she be playing? it writing? we they |
|
|
P E R F E C T | PRESENT | PAST | FUTURE | |
Just; already; yet; before, lately, so far; never; ever; since | Before he came; by 5 oclock yesterday | Before you come; by 5 oclock tomorrow | ||
have / has + V3 I V1 You have played We written They | had + V3 had played had written | will have+V3 will have played will have written | ||
He play ed She has written It | ||||
I You played We have not written They _(havent)____________________ He has not played She (hasnt) written It | had not + V3 had not played had not written | will not have+V3 will not have played (wont) have written | ||
I Have you played ? we written? t hey_______________________ he Has she played? it written? | Had + + V3? Had I/you/he/she/it/we/they played? Had I/you/he/she/it/we/they written? | Will + +have +V3? Will I/you/we/they/he/she/it play? Will I/you/we/they/he/she/it write? | ||
P E R F E C T C O N T I N U O U S | For 3 hours already; since morning; since he came; How long? Since when? | Since the time when; before he came for 3 hours; | For 3 hours before you come | |
Have / has been+ V4 I You We have been They____________ playing He writing She has been It | Had been+V4 had been playing had been writing | will have been +V4 will have been playing will have been writing | ||
Have / has not + V4 I You We have not been They____________ playing He writing She has not been It | had+ not + been +V4 had not been playing had not been writing | Will not have been +V4 will not have been playing will not have been writing | ||
I you Have we been they playing? he writing? Has she been it | Had + + been +V4? Had I/you/he/she/it/we/they been playing? Had I/you/he/she/it/we/they been writing? | Will++have+been+V4? I you he Will she have been playing? it writing? we they |
Appendix 4
PRESENT | PAST | FUTURE | |
S I M P L E | I am He/she/it is + V3 We/you/they are | I/he/she/it was + V3 we/you/they were | will be + V3 |
C O N T I N U O U S | am is being + V3 are | was being + V3 were | |
P E R F E C T | We/you/they have been + V3 He/she/it has | had been + V3 | will have been +V3 |
Appendix 5
Do you work? Is she reading? | Yes, I do. / No. I don't Yes, she is. / No, she isn't | |
Where do you work? What is she reading? | I work at plant. She is reading a book. | |
Who knows this story? | He (does). | |
You work much, don't you? She can't sing, can she? | Yes, I do. / No, I dont Yes, she can. / No, she can't. | |
(have you) Have you a flat or a room? (does he know) Does he know French or English? | I have a flat. He knows English. |
|
|
Appendix 6
THE ADJECTIVE
The degrees of comparison
.
) : long; large
) , y; -er; ar;
POSITIVE () | COMPARATIVE () | SUPERLATIVE () |
as as He is as tall as his father. not so as She is not so nice as her sister. | -er than long-longer large-larger red-redder happy-happier He is taller than his father. | the -est the longest the largest the reddest the happiest He is the tallest in his class. |
.
POSITIVE () | COMPARATIVE () | SUPERLATIVE () |
as as This film version is as interesting as the book. not so as This dish is not so delicious as that one. | The book is more interesting than the film. | This book is the most interesting I have ever read. |
EXEPTIONS ():
Good better- the best
Bad- worse the worst
Many more the most
Much more the most
Little less the least
Old elder (older) the eldest (the oldest)
Far farther (further) the farthest (the furthest)
Appendix 7
. will /would; shall /should .
If -
Unless
When -
Before
After
Till -
Until
As soon as
By the time
1. .
, , . .
,
Future Simple | Present Simple |
Will + V1 | V1 |
I will go out of town, | if the weather is good. |
2. 1. , .
, .
Future Simple- in the - Past | Past Simple |
Would + V1 | V2 |
I would go out of town tomorrow | if the weather were good. |
to be were .
If I were you, I would go and see the doctor.
I wish I were at home now. , .
2. 2. , , .
, .
Future Perfect- in the Past | Past Perfect |
Would + have + V3 | Had + V3 |
I would have gone out of town yesterday | if the weather had been good. |
|
|
I wish I had been at home yesterday. , .
Appendix 8
REPORTED SPEECH
1. , .
+ -
to be not to be
to go not to go
+
He said, Open the door! He told to open the door.
She said, Dont be late! She told not to be late.
She said, Close the window, please! She asked to close the window.
2. .
+ (that) + +
, .. . :
Present Simple Past Simple
Present Continuous Past Continuous
Present Perfect Past Perfect
Past Simple Past Perfect
Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous
Future Tenses Future Tenses in-the Past
Am / is - was
Are were
Has / have - had
Dont/doesnt didnt
Can could
Must must / had to
Will would
Shall - should
:
This that
These those
Here there
Today that day
Now then, at that moment
Yesterday the day before, the previous day
Tomorrow the following day, the next day
Next week the next week
Last week the week before, the previous week
ago - before
He said to Mike, I like music. He told Mike that he liked music.
She said to Terry, Nick went home. She told Terry that Nick had gone home.
.
3. .
. .
)
+ if (whether) + +
He said, Do you like music? He asked if I liked music.
She said to Bill, Did Paul like music? She asked Bill if Paul had liked music.
He said to Helen, Will you go home? He asked Helen if she would go home.
)
+ + +
He said to Ann, Where do you live? He asked Ann where she lived.
She said to Tom, What did you do? She asked Tom what he had done.
Appendix 9
SEQUENCE OF TENSES
. , .
Past Simple Past Continuous. .
He knew that she lived in London. , .
She was sure that her son was doing his homework at that time. , .
, Past Perfect. .
He said he had seen that film before. , .
, , Future-in-the-Past. .
He informed us that he would go to Paris soon. , .
Appendix 10
MODAL WORDS
VERB & ITS MEANING | PRESENT | PAST | FUTURE |
Must ; (, ) | must | had to | will have to |
Have to (, ) | has to/have to | had to | will have to |
Be to (, ) | am/is/are to | was/were to | _____________ |
Should (, ) | should | _____________ | _____________ |
Ought to , (, ) | ought to | _____________ | _____________ |
Can ; ; (, , ) | can | could | will be able to |
Be able to (, ) | am/is/are able to | was/were able to | will be able to |
May- (, ) | may | might | ______________ |
Need- (, ) | Need? neednt | _____________ | ______________ |
|
|
Appendix 11
COMPLEX OBJECT
:
, . :
+ + + Infinitive
( ) ( )
, .
To think -
To believe ,
To expect
To suppose
To know -
To learn -
To find out -
To consider -
To understand -
.
e
ou
him
her
it
us
them
I thought that he was a good student. I thought him to be a good student.
He supposed that they would come soon. He supposed them to come soon.
arise | arose | arisen | arising | |
awake | awoke | awoke | awaking | , |
be | was/were | been | being | , |
bear | bore | born | bearing | |
bear | bore | borne | bearing | , |
beat | beat | beaten | beating | |
become | became | become | becoming | |
begin | began | begun | beginning | |
bend | bent | bent | bending | |
bind | bound | bound | binding | |
bite | bit | bitten | biting | |
blow | blew | blown | blowing | |
break | broke | broken | breaking | |
breed | bred | bred | breeding | |
bring | brought | brought | bringing | |
build | built | built | building | |
burn | burnt | burnt | burning | |
burst | burst | burst | bursting | |
buy | bought | bought | buying | |
cast | cast | cast | casting | |
catch | caught | caught | catching | |
choose | chose | chosen | choosing | |
cling | clung | clung | clinging | |
come | came | come | coming | |
cost | cost | cost | costing | |
creep | crept | crept | creeping | |
cut | cut | cut | cutting | |
deal | dealt | dealt | dealing | |
dig | dug | dug | digging | |
do | did | done | doing | |
draw | drew | drawn | drawing | , |
drink | drank | drunk | drinking | |
eat | ate | eaten | eating | |
fall | fell | fallen | falling | |
feed | fed | fed | feeding | () |
feel | felt | felt | feeling | |
fight | fought | fought | fighting | , |
find | found | found | finding | |
fly | flew | flown | flying | |
forbid | forbade | forbidden | forbiding | |
forget | forgot | forgotten | forgetting | |
freeze | froze | frozen | freezing | , |
get | got | got | getting | , |
give | gave | given | giving | |
go | went | gone | going | , |
grow | grew | grown | growing | |
hang | hung | hung | hanging | |
have | had | had | having | |
hear | heard | heard | hearing | |
hide | hid | hidden | hiding | |
hit | hit | hit | hitting | |
hold | held | held | holding | |
hurt | hurt | hurt | hurting | , |
keep | kept | kept | keeping | , |
know | knew | known | knowing | |
lay | laid | laid | laying | |
learn | learnt | learnt | learning | () |
leave | left | left | leaving | , |
let | let | let | letting | |
lie | lay | lain | lying | |
light | lit | lit | lighting | |
loose | lost | lost | loosing | |
make | made | made | making | , |
mean | meant | meant | meaning | |
meet | met | met | meeting | |
pay | paid | paid | paying | |
put | put | put | putting | |
read | read | read | reading | |
ride | rode | ridden | riding | |
ring | rang | rung | ringing | , |
rise | rose | risen | rising | |
run | ran | run | running | |
saw | sawed | sawn | sawing | |
say | said | said | saying | |
see | saw | seen | seeing | |
sell | sold | sold | selling | |
send | sent | sent | sending | |
set | set | set | setting | |
shake | shook | shaken | shaking | |
shine | shone | shone | shining | |
shoot | shot | shot | shooting | |
show | showed | shown | showing | |
shrink | shrank | shrunk | shrinking | |
shut | shut | shut | shutting | |
sing | sang | sung | singing | |
sink | sank | sunk | sinking | |
sit | sat | sat | sitting | |
slide | slid | slid | sliding | |
smell | smelt | smelt | smelling | , |
sow | sowed | sown | sowing | |
speak | spoke | spoken | speaking | |
speed | sped | sped | speeding | , |
spell | spelt | spelt | spelling | |
spend | spent | spent | spending | , |
spill | spilt | spilt | spilling | |
spin | span | spun | spinning | |
split | split | split | splitting | () |
spoil | spoilt | spoilt | spoiling | |
spread | spread | spread | spreading | ( |
stand | stood | stood | standing | |
stick | stuck | stuck | sticking | () |
sting | stung | stung | stinging | |
strike | struck | struck | striking | |
strive | strove | striven | striving | |
sweep | swept | swept | sweeping | |
swell | swelled | swollen | swelling | |
swim | swam | swum | swimming | |
swing | swung | swung | swinging | () |
take | took | taken | taking | |
teach | taught | taught | teaching | |
tear | tore | torn | tearing | |
tell | told | told | telling | |
think | thought | thought | thinking | |
throw | threw | thrown | throwing | |
understand | understood | understood | understanding | |
wake | woke | woken | waking | , |
wear | wore | worn | wearing | |
wind | wound | wound | winding | , |
write | wrote | written | writing |