1. (The Active Voice). , , :
Popov invented the radio in 1895. 1895
They will discuss the matter at the -
next meeting. .
2. (The Passive Voice). ( ), , . to be , II , .. to be + Participle II.
The radio was invented by Popov
in 1895. 1895 .
The matter will be discussed at
the next meeting. .
:
a) , -;
b) ( ) ;
c) - .
, .
| Tense | Simple | Progressive | Perfect |
| Present | Am/is/are asked I am asked | Am/is/are being asked I am being asked | Have/has been asked I have been asked |
| Past | Was/were asked I was asked | Was/were being asked I was being asked | Had been asked I had been asked |
| Future | Shall/will be asked I shall./will be asked ( ) | __ | Shall/will have been asked I shall/will have been asked |
IV.
Can
can , : can ( ) , , ; could ( ) , , ... Even a child can lift it. .
to be able to can :
We shall be able to do it only tomorrow.
May
may : may ( ) , , ..; might ( ) , .. :
May I come in? ? He may be at home. , , .
to be allowed to be permitted to may , .
He was allowed to come in. .
Must
must , , , . must : You must do it yourself. .
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must : It must be cold outside. .
must to have ( , ) to be ( , ), to:
| It was raining heavily and we had to stay at home. He is to take his exam in June. | , . . |
V. : Participle I (Present Participle) Participle II (Past Participle) .
(The Participle)
, , .
| Participle I | Participle II | Perfect Participle | |
| Active | writing | __ | having written |
| Passive | being written | written | having been written , |
Participle I ing : to speak - speak ing, to begin - beginni ng.
Participle II -ed : to ask ask ed, to train train ed.
Participle II : to give given, to build built.
Perfect Participle Active Passive to be to have Participle II : being developed; having been developed.
, .
1. . Participle I , , -, -, -:
The man waiting for you has come , , -
from Moscow. .
The man waiting for you asked , , -
for your telephone number. .
Participle I :
The house being built in this street , (-
now will be a new library. ) ,
.
Participle II , , , -:
The problems discussed at the con- ,
ference are interesting. .
2. . , , .. when, while, if, unless, once, though ..
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| While reading this book I met many new facts. | , . |
| When crossing the street, first look to the left. | , c . |
| Being heated magnetized materials lose their magnetism Having finished the test he put down the results. | , . , . |
| The motor gets overheated, unless cooled. | , . |
1
I. . , , -s, , .. :
) 3- Present Simple;
) ;
) .
1. The teacher points at the blackboard when he wants to explain something.
2. Computers and lasers are being widely introduced at plants and factories.
3. Great changes in peoples lives and work were brought about by the scientific and technological progress.
4. The electronic industry produces several types of minicomputers.
II. , , .
1. This instrument is a key tool of the atomic age and is used for studying radioactivity.
2. Bad weather conditions make pilots switch over to automatic control.
3. Joint efforts of people throughout the world make it possible to achieve some progress in environment protection.
III. , , .
1. The Americans say that in the USA the buildings are taller, the cigars are longer, the cars are bigger and the girls are prettier than anywhere in the world.
2. If you make half-hour breaks while getting ready for your exams your brain will work much more efficiently.
3. The sooner you take your medicine the better you will feel.
4. This room is not so comfortable as that one on the first floor.
IV. , .
1. We didnt have any time to discuss his new invention.
2. There is future for microelectronics in automobiles.
3. You should take any bus that goes from here towards the railway station and get off at the third stop.
4. Some students have come, the rest are still taking their exams.
V. , - - . . () .
) 1. If Martin does not win, it will be the end of his sport career.
2. He liked music, but the piece she was playing had no melody for him.
3. It is the development of robots that will solve some very difficult problems of industry.
4. While Jack was sitting biting his nails, we were working out a plan to cover up our traces.
B) 1. Thousands of messages from all parts of the body are sent to and from the brain.
2. Some students will be permitted to take exams in December.
3. He was not expected to say that.
VI. , Participle I, Participle II , .. , , . .
1. Students interested in computer engineering enter technological institutes.
2. She didnt pay any attention to the ringing telephone.
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3. Deeply shocked I left him.
4. An article discussing the new system of school education appeared in all newspapers.
VII. , . .
1. As telegraph wires couldnt be hung over the ocean, cables had to be laid on the floor of the Atlantic Ocean.
2. Judges must be free of any political bias.
3. The development of new materials doesnt mean that old materials should lose their significance.
4. They were allowed to continue their research.
5. Cactus plants neednt much water. Thats why they can grow in the dry desert.
6. He will be free tomorrow and he will be able to help you.
VIII. .
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
The United States of America, commonly called the United States or simply America, is a federal republic comprising 50 states and the District of Columbia. The total area is 9.4 mln. sq. km. The United States today hold the leading position in the capitalist world. The USA is situated in the southern part of North America and is washed by the Atlantic ocean in the east and the Pacific ocean in the west. The Atlantic Ocean is of great importance to the USA for its sea communications with Europe, Africa and South America. The largest ports are on the Atlantic Coast.
The Americans are really a nation of nations, and the USA is the country where all principal languages are spoken. The United States of America is a federation of states which was established by the Constitution in 1787. Each state has its own government and its own capital city. The Federal Government is divided into three branches: legislative, executive and judicial, and these three branches are represented respectively by Congress, the President and the Supreme Court. In other words, all legislative powers are vested in a Congress of the United States, which consists of a Senate and House of Representatives. The executive power is vested in a President, who holds office for 4 years.
The USA has large reserves of all the more widely used minerals except tin. The country produces enough of some minerals to meet all its own needs and to ship to other counties as well. The American West occupies 40 per cent of US territory and has 17 per cent of the population, produces 14 per cent of crude oil, and 10 per cent of natural gas. It ranks first in the production of uranium, nickel, copper and molybdenum ores. Half of working population of the USA is employed in the sphere of industry and half in services. Dining halls, cafeterias, restaurants and other units offer daily 160 mln dishes or 20 per cent of all the food produced in the USA. Agriculture is one of the most important fields of economy tightly bound with industry, trade and the services within the framework of the agro-industrial complex.
At present the Union comprises 50 states administratively united by the Federal Government in Washington. Its only industry is a government. As the nations capital and a seat of the Federal Government, it is the heart of the country.
2
I. . , , s-, , .. :
) 3- Present Simple;
) ;
) .
1. He spends all his money on books.
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2. Our lecturers book on strength of materials is well-known and popular.
3. The important feature of our education is that it combines theory with practical training.
4. Before Faradays inventions the only source of electricity was the galvanic battery.
II. , , .
1. This research instrument is used for accelerating particles.
2. The space flight of Gagarin caused a sensation throughout the world.
3. A Japanese company is planning to install several more electronic devices on the car instrument panel.
III. , , .
1. You should practice more often if you want to improve your language.
2. This exercise is easier than the next one.
3. The most environmentally-friendly way of solving traffic problems is to use more widely public transportation.
4. The more attention you pay to your childrens education, the better results they achieve.
IV. , .
1. There are no students in the library.
2. Some institutes of technology are reorganized into universities.
3. Do you need any books to prepare for your report?
4. People no longer think of radio and television as something fantastic.
V. , - - . . () .
A) 1. The brain controls your body and keeps all parts of your body working together.
2. When I awoke this morning it was so late that the sun was shining high in the sky.
3. And now the trade of this town is developing with extreme rapidity and the ambition of the inhabitants is growing along with it.
4. She will have dinner here if she comes tomorrow.
B) 1. When centers receive messages, the brain interprets them.
2. Considerable damage was caused by the fire.
3. A new highway is being built between Germany and the Netherlands.
VI. , Participle I, Participle II , .. , , . .
1. My room is in a mess: I really must get it tidied up.
2. Scientists are experimenting with a system allowing drivers to see better after dark.
3. When answering your question yesterday I forgot this fact.
4. The attention paid to the study of fundamental subjects is great.
VII. , . .
1. We must protect the clean water that remains for the sake of our children and grandchildren.
2. Fire may be started by rubbing together two sticks of wood.
3. If you are traveling by air, you mustnt carry anything in your luggage that could be used as a weapon, such as a knife or a pair of scissors.
4. Jack has already cleaned his bicycle so he wont have to do it tomorrow.
5. Before Newton no one could explain why the planets moved around the Sun.
6. An optional disk can store about 1 000 times more information than a plastic disk of the same size.
VIII. .
SCOTLAND
Today Scotland is part of the United Kingdom and is governed from London. There is a special minister in the Government, the Secretary of State for Scotland, who is responsible for education, local government and other important matters in Scotland. Although the legal education and banking systems are slightly different from those in England, life is very similar to the rest of the United Kingdom.
Comprising an area of some 30 000 square miles Scotland has a population of just over five million people of whom about one third live in the cities of Edinburgh, Glasgow, Aberdeen and Dundee. All the inhabitants speak English although about 100 000 still speak Scottish Gaelic. Many of the Scottish accents are very strong and visitors from abroad sometimes have difficulties in understanding them.
Scotland is a very mountainous country; three-fourth of its area is occupied by mountains with a great amount of moorland, in which few people live. Scotland is famous for its beautiful lakes with mountains round them.
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Scottish steel has long been used chiefly by the heavy industries of Glasgow area, where shipbuilding has been paramount.
People who live in Scotland are Scots. They are also called Scottish or Scotsmen. Scotsmen will be rather annoyed if you call them Englishmen. Every Scotsman belongs to a clan. A clan is a family group: all the people of the same family belong to the same clan. There are about 300 different clans in Scotland. A Scotsmans traditional clothes are socks, shoes, a kilt, a tie, a jacket and a bonnet. Some people in the north of Scotland wear a kilt every day. But in other parts of the country most Scottish people wear just the same clothes as the English. Scottish people like to dance very much. Glasgow has more dancing schools than any other European city.
The Scottish people have a reputation according to which they are the stingiest people in on earth. This is not true, of course, as anyone who visited Scotland will tell you. The Scottish people are very clever and simple, and they also have a natural sense of humor.
3
I. . , , s, , .. :
) 3- Present Simple;
) ;
) .
1. Electricity provides mankind with the energy of the future.
2. The aim of todays foreign policy is that peace in the world should be permanent.
3. This poets parents died when he was only four years old.
4. He will ring me up as soon as he buys books for me.
II. , , .
1. Nowadays the principle of radio operation seems quite simple.
2. Scientists believe new laser devices will be widely used in medicine.
3. The information system coordinates a distribution network
III. , , .
1. That painting is less impressive than the one in your living room.
2. It is true that the most skyscrapers are taller than buildings in the UK, but the British think their stately homes are older and more beautiful than anything in the USA.
3. Einstein is one of the most intelligent scientists who ever lived.
4. The more automobiles appear in the streets, the worse the air in the cities is.
IV. , .
1. Some specialists expect that a photon can greatly increase the operation of a computer.
2. Any museum in London is of great interest to us.
3. Tsarist Russia didnt give any money for Tsiolkovskys research.
4. No student of this group was in Great Britain.
V. , - - . . () .
)1. In our climate the vine doesnt grow out-of-doors, as it does in countries with a hotter summer, and hothouse grapes is very expensive.
2. I noticed a number of improvements done in this town since I last was there.
3. The students were having an interesting discussion when the teacher came in.
4. If I see the manager tomorrow, I shall remind him of that important point.
B)1. Many new and very interesting projects were planned for orbital stations.
2. The new exhibition of this artist is being visited actively.
3. This program will be broadcasted again tomorrow night.
VI. . Participle I Participle II , .. , , - ; .
1. The man delivering this lecture is our professor on mathematics.
2. A line seen through this crystal looks double.
3. He saw some people in the post-office sending telegrams.
4. Driving a car a man tries to keep steady speed and watch the car in front of him.
VII. , . .
1. If you borrow money from the bank you must pay interest.
2. It is quite clear to everybody in his family that he should start getting ready for his examinations.
3. He will have to work systematically if he wants to know French well.
4. Not long ago chemists developed new materials that could withstand high temperatures.
5. Children were allowed to go to the cinema alone.
6. You must have a dictionary when you translate such difficult articles.
VIII. .
GREAT BRITAIN
The official name of the country is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The total area is about 121 600 square miles. The largest islands are Great Britain proper (England, Scotland and Wales) and Ireland (Northern Ireland and the Irish Republic). Britain is separated from the continent by the English Channel which in its narrowest part is only 33 km wide. Britain has a generally mild and temperate climate. All over the world Britain was notorious for its fogs. The smoke-fogs of the big towns usually in winter time, were exceedingly unpleasant, unhealthy and dangerous to movement, but now the situation is much better.
The United Kingdom is a monarchy. The Monarchy is the most ancient secular institution in the United Kingdom. Queen Elisabeth II is a descendant of the Saxon king, Egbert. She acts only on the advice of her ministers. She reigns, but she does not rule. The Crown is the second biggest landowner in Britain. The Queen is the third richest woman in the world. Parliament is the supreme legislative authority in the United Kingdom. It consists of the House of Lords and the House of Commons. They are constituted on different principles, do different work in different places and meet only on occasions of symbolic significance such as the coronation and the opening of Parliament.
English people tend to be rather conservative - a little more so, perhaps, than most others. The conservative attitude consists of an acceptance of things which are familiar, and an important aspect of it is an inclination to be suspicious of anything that is strange or foreign. Conservatism on a national scale may be illustrated by reference to the public attitude to the monarchy. Apart from conservatism on a grand scale England is full of small-scale conservatisms: methods of cooking, the business of heating houses in which most English people remain strongly attached to the open fire.
England is highly industrialized and was the country in which the earliest developments of modern industry took place. Many of the great inventions which were the foundation of modern industrial processes are made by Englishmen or Scotsmen. The original basis of British industry was coal mining. Nearly all English people live in towns, big or small.
4
I. . , , s-, , . . :
) 3- Present Simple;
) ;
) .
1. It became clear that television had a great influence on peoples life.
2. She promises to give me this novel for a couple of days as soon as she reads it.
3. Mathematics, strength of materials, mechanics, elements of machines as well as engineering physics are studied at technological institutes.
4. Usually a lab assistant shows the equipment to the students.
II. , , .
1. We know he works at the problem of space communication.
2. If you make even a smallest mistake in computer language the talk breaks down and you must go to the beginning.
3. The Reading Room of the Library of Congress houses a great collection of reference books.
III. , , .
1. Buses require fewer parking lots, make less noise and use less road space per passenger than private cars.
2. The more effective is the technology, the quicker is the development of this country.
3. If you want to find your way around the city more easily you should buy the map of it.
4. She is not as easy to get on with as her sister.
IV. , .
1. This is an article that deals with some environmental problems.
2. Are there any pictures in your book?
3. There are no people in the park because it is cold.
4. By means of satellites we can communicate with any country of the world.
V. ; - - . . (B) .
) 1. We thought that you were going to show your project to the teacher.
2. We shall discuss the results when we finish our experiments.
3. She had left before the letter arrived.
4. The children were playing in the garden while we were watching TV.
B) 1. The conference we are planning to hold next month will be attended by many foreign scientists.
2. What questions were you asked?
3. The letter is not ready yet. It is still being translated into English.
VI. . Participle I Participle II , .. , , - ; .
1. Introducing new words the teacher explains their meanings.
2. The two rivers were connected with each other by means of a canal.
3. Organic chemistry is the science dealing with carbon compounds.
4. The students examined last week got good marks.
VII. , ; .
1. They had to stay at home because it was raining.
2. If we are allowed we shall take some exams in advance.
3. The experiments are to clarify this point of view.
4. He must ring you up.
5. I wont be able to help you.
6. You can get all the necessary books in the library.
VIII. .
WALES
Wales is a country of hills and mountains, the highest of which are in Snowdonia in the northwest; the tallest peak is Snowdon. Two-thirds of the population lives in the southern valleys and the lower-lying coastal areas. The chief urban centers are Cardiff, Swansea, Newport and Wrexham. Wales is a principality; prince Charles, the heir to the throne, was invested by the Queen with the title of Prince of Wales at Caernarfon Castle in 1969.
Latest figures suggest that about one-fifth of the population speaks Welsh, a language of Celtic origin. Welsh speakers are concentrated in the rural north and west. The Welsh name of the country is Cymru. Welsh has equal validity with English in law courts, bilingual education in schools is encouraged, and there has been an extended use of Welsh for official purposes and broadcasting.
The country returns 38 Members of Parliament and there are special arrangements for the discussion on Welsh affairs. For the last 60 years the industrial communities have tended to support the Labor Party in elections, ensuring a Labor majority of seats. The Secretary of State for Wales, who is the member of the Cabinet, has wide-ranging responsibilities relating to the economy, education, welfare services and the provision of amenities. The Headquarters of the administration is the Welsh Office in Cardiff, which also has an office in London. Local government is exercised through a system of elected authorities similar to that in England, and the legal system is identical to the English one.
Wales produces about 10 per cent of British opencast coal production, including all of its anthracite. Although Wales still accounts for 31 per cent of British steel production, it is now an important center for electronics, and several new high-technology businesses in related industries have been established. Although south Wales remains the principal industrial area, new industries and firms have been introduced in northeast Wales and light industry attracted to the towns in mid and north Wales rural areas.
5
I. . , , -s, , .. :
) 3- Present Simple;
)
) .
1. The lands of this farm are not far from Moscow.
2. This plane lands here every Monday.
3. He wrote an article about this engineers invention.
4. Their Institute houses both physical and chemistry laboratories.
II. , , .
1. This engineer is one of the best oil experts in oil industry.
2. From the very beginning many students start independent work in students scientific societies.
3. A lot of foreign visitors came to Moscow to see the Victory Day Celebrations.
III. , , .
1. Read this text as quickly as possible.
2. The more you work, the better you know English.
3. Modern houses are much more comfortable than the old ones.
4. They discussed one of the most important problems of cybernetics.
IV. , .
1. Are there any students in the reading-room?
2. There are not any plants in our town.
3. There is no bread on the plate.
4. There are some courses for beginners at the University.
V. ; - - . . (B) .
) 1. What magazine were you looking through when I came in?
2. She said she had graduated from the University a few years ago.
3. He gave the right answer to the question and received an excellent mark.
4. The curricular of correspondence, evening and full - time higher schools do not differ essentially in the subjects taught, but they differ in the system in which the studies are organized.
B) 1. The goods have been examined by the customs officers.
2. The steamer will be unloaded when the agent arrives at the port.
3. They are paid twice a month.
VI. . Participle I Participle II , .. , , - ; .
1. At our University there are several subjects studied optionally.
2. Students taking exams next week should come to the deans office.
3. Listening to the lecture students usually make notes.
4. While crossing the bridge, we saw him talking with an old man.
VII. , ; .
1. Can you translate this agreement into French?
2. They will be able to create the necessary conditions for the development of their enterprise.
3. He asked me whether he might take my dictionary.
4. She will be allowed to tell you about it herself.
5. He had to ring you up.
6. The old methods of teaching English are to be renewed.
VIII. .
LIVING IN CANADA TODAY
Canada is a good example of the way peoples of different ways of life and different languages can live side-by-side under one government. The Canadian government is more British in style than American, except that it is a federal government.
Parliament is divided into two parts, the Senate and the House of Commons. Voters in each province (Canada is divided into 10 provinces and 2 territories) choose candidates from different political parties. The party that wins the most seats in the House of Commons chooses the Prime Minister, who heads Canadas government. Senators are not elected, they are appointed by the Prime Minister.
Canada now belongs to the Commonwealth of Nations (nations which once belonged to the British Empire). Queen Elizabeth II is still the Queen of Canada. But ties with Great Britain are not so strong as they were.
Canada is unique in the Americas because it gained its Independence without fight. They celebrate it on July the 1st with fireworks and picnics. But most of Canadians do not mind that there are still some ties to the British Queen. Many like to continue old customs and still give honor to the Queen of England.
More than half of all people in Canada live in Southern Quebec and Ontario. Quebec is Canadas oldest province and its largest. This province was settled by the French, and the people still follow French customs. The heart of French Quebec is its capital, Quebec city. In many ways the lower part of the city, with its narrow streets, old churches, and little houses built close together in long rows, resembles the cities of France.
Quebec is the largest province in size. Ontario is the largest in population. Some call it nations heartland, as it is Canadas demographic and economic center and is a major force in national politics. It is Canadas most industrialized province, producing half of the nations manufactured goods.
Ottawa, the capital of Canada, is the political and administrative center of the nation. Most national cultural institutions, including museums, archives, the National Gallery, and the National Art Center are in the city
2
2, :
I. it, one, that.
it
it :
1) ( ) ( ); , , , :
| Take this book. | . |
| It is interesting. | . |
| Read it. | . |
| We shall speak about it next time. | . |
2) ( ):
| What is it? It is our new laboratory | ? . |
4) () :
| It is cold. | . |
| It is getting dark. | . |
| It is winter. | . |
| It is necessary to | |
| It is known that | , |
( it ).
5) it is that (it ):
| It isthis book that I wanted to read. | . |
6) make it possible
; make it difficult ; find it useful () ( it ).
one
one :
1) , one , :
| I have only one dictionary. | . |
2) , - :
| One can read such a text without a dictionary. | . |
3) -, one , . - (ones). one , , , :
| You may take my dictionary. | . |
| Thank you, I have one, the one that Peter gave me yesterday. | . , , . |
that
That :
1) . . those. that (those) , , , (); , , ().
| That house was built in 1987. | 1987 . |
| Can repeat all those questions which the teacher asked? | , ? |
2) . that , :
| The book that you gave me yesterday is interesting. | , , . |
3) . that .
| We know that he studies at the RSVPU. | , . |
4) . that , :
| That the profession of an engineer requires a special training is a well-known fact. | , . |
5) ; to be , :
| The feature of higher education in this country is that it is available to all. | , . |
6) , ( these, those). That, those, these , , :
| The climate of this part of the country differs from thatof our region. | . |
7) it is that, that :
| It was you that said so. | . |
| It was the invention of the steam engine thatrevolutionized production processes. | . |
II. to be, to have, to do.
A) to be
:
1. (be + + )
The book is on the table. ()
2. -
He is a student.
3.
Progressive (be + Participle I): We are writing a dictation.
Passive (be + Participle II): The article was written last week.
4. ( ):
He is to come at 5.
B) to have
:
1. (have + )
They have modern computers.
2.
Perfect (have + Participle II): We have bought new devices.
3. ( , )
They have to buy new computers.
C) to do
:
1.
Simple (do, does, did):
I always do my homework.
2.
Simple ( ):
I dont play tennis. Did you buy bread?
3.
Do bring me some water.
III. : , , , . .
, to, .
| Tense | Active | Passive |
| Indefinite (Simple) Continuous (Progressive) Perfect | to help to be helping to have helped | to be helped -- to have been helped |
:
1) :
| To translate such an article without a dictionary is difficult. | () . |
2) ( ):
| He can translate this article without a dictionary. | . |
| He will translate this article next week. | . |
| Our aim is to translate technical articles without a dictionary. | . |
3) :
| He does not like to translate technical articles. | . |
4) :
| To translate such an article without a dictionary you must know English well. | , . |
5) :
| He gave me some articles to translate. | , ( ). |
| He was the first to translate this article. | . |
, . ing .
| Tense | Active | Passive |
| Indefinite Perfect | driving having driven | being driven having been driven |
:
| She likes telling fairy tales. He likes being told fairy tales. | . , |
:
1. :
| Reading English is necessary for every engineer. | - . |
2. :
| His favorite occupation is reading. | . |
3. :
| He thinks of reading his report at the next conference. | . |
4. :
| After reading the article he made a short summary of it. | , . |
5. :
| I like his way of reading. | , . |
IV. to let.
| Let us (lets) read this text! | ! |
| Let her read this text. | . |
| Let him read this text. | . |
| Let them read this text. | . |
| Let me read this text. | . |
