- , , ;
- , , .
I , , . , , , .
I . ( 30˚). . 1850 .
, - .
(boilers with water-tubes), , , 1828-1829 . . (George Stephenson, 1781-1848, UK) . (. Seguin, FR) - . , , , .
, , (Sir Goldworthy Gurney) 1828 ., 1831 ., (Jacob Perkins) .
, .
, , 1828 ., 1831 . .
70 / .
. , - , .
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1862 . , , .
, . , , .
, , , . , , XIX .
1877 . , .
(1871-1919) - . 1902 . . , .