5.1. - , :
) Pb(NO3)2 + KI; ) NiCl2 + H2S; ) K2CO3 + HCl; ) CuSO4 + NaOH;
) CaCO3 + HCl; ) Na2SO3 + H2SO4; ) AlBr3 + AgNO3.
5.2. - , : ) Na2S + H2SO4; ) FeS + HCl; ) HCOOK + HNO3; ) NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2; ) NaOCl + HNO3.
5.3. - : ) HCl + Ba(OH)2; ) HF + KOH; ) Fe(OH)3 + HNO3; ) CH3COOH + NH4OH; ) HNO2 + NH4OH; ) H2S + NH4OH.
, , .
5.4. , - :
NO2 + H+ = HNO2;
Cu2+ + 2OH = Cu(OH)2↓;
Pb2+ + 2I = PbI2↓.
5.5. - : ) NaHO3 HCl; ) FeCl3 KOH; ) Pb(CH3COO)2 Na2S; ) KHS H2SO4; ) Zn(NO3)2 KOH (); ) Ca(OH)2 CO2; ) Ca(OH)2 CO2 ().
.
5.6.
AgI (.) + NaCl (.) AgCl (.) + NaI (.):
) ; ) ?
5.7.
CH3COONa+CH2ClCOOH CH3COOH+CH2ClCOONa:
) ; ) ?
1.9 | 1.2() | 3.6 | 2.1 | 2.16 | 4.2(,) | 4.19 | 5.6 | |
1.1 | 1.3 | 3.1 | 2.2 | 2.17 | 4.3(,) | 4.7 | 5.1(,) | |
1.4 | 1.7 | 3.2 | 2.3 | 2.18 | 4.3(,) | 4.17 | 5.5(,) | |
1.6 | 1.1 | 3.3 | 2.4 | 2.19 | 4.1(,) | 4.11 | 5.4 | |
1.8 | 1.2() | 3.4 | 2.5 | 2.20 | 4.5 | 4.18 | 5.3(,) | |
1.9 | 1.3 | 3.5 | 2.6 | 2.25 | 4.6 | 4.9(,) | 5.3(,) | |
1.7 | 1.4 | 3.15 | 2.7 | 2.17 | 4.1(,) | 4.12 | 5.3(,) | |
1.5 | 1.10 | 3.7 | 2.8 | 2.20 | 4.8 | 4.16(,) | 5.5(,) | |
1.1 | 1.8 | 3.8 | 2.9 | 2.24 | 4.2(,) | 4.22 | 5.7 | |
1.10 | 1.2() | 3.9 | 2.10 | 2.14 | 4.13 | 4.16(,) | 5.5(,) | |
1.11 | 1.4 | 3.10 | 2.1 | 2.26 | 4.4(,) | 4.15 | 5.2(,) | |
1.2() | 1.7 | 3.11 | 2.12 | 2.27 | 4.10 | 4.18 | 5.5(,) | |
1.3 | 1.9 | 3.14 | 2.13 | 2.10 | 4.4(,) | 4.20 | 5.1(,) | |
1.1 | 1.11 | 3.12 | 2.14 | 2.30 | 4.14 | 4.21 | 5.5(,) | |
1.5 | 1.10 | 3.13 | 2.15 | 2.29 | 4.9(,) | 4.13 | 5.1(,) |
1
25
HNO2 | 2,6∙10-5 | ||
NH4OH | 4∙10-4 | ||
H3BO3 | 5,8∙10-4 | ||
HOBr | 2,1∙10-9 | ||
H2O2 | 2,6∙10-12 | ||
H2SiO3 | K1 K2 | 2,2∙10-10 1,6∙10-12 | |
HCOOH | 1,8∙10-4 | ||
H2SO3 | K1 K2 | 1,6∙10-2 6,3∙10-8 | |
H2S | K1 K2 | 6∙10-8 1∙10-14 | |
H2CO3 | K1 K2 | 4,5∙10-7 4,7∙1011 | |
CH3COOH | 1,8∙10-5 | ||
H3PO4 | K1 K2 K3 | 7,5∙10-3 6,3∙10-8 1,3∙10-12 | |
HCN | 7,9∙10-10 | ||
H2C2O4 | K1 K2 | 5,4∙10-2 5,4∙10-5 |
|
|
2
25
AgBr | 5,310-13 | CaSO4 | 6,110-5 | MnS | 2,510-10 |
Ag2CO3 | 8,210-12 | Ca3(PO4)2 | 1,010-29 | Ni(OH)2 | 6,310-18 |
AgCl | 1,810-10 | CdS | 1,610-28 | PbBr2 | 9,110-6 |
Ag2CrO4 | 1,110-12 | CoCO3 | 1,510-10 | PbCO3 | 7,510-14 |
AgI | 8,310-17 | Co(OH)2 | 210-16 | PbCl2 | 1,5610-5 |
Ag2S | 5,310-50 | CrPO4 | 2,410-23 | PbF2 | 2,710-8 |
Ag2SO4 | 1,610-5 | CuCO3 | 2,510-10 | PbI2 | 1,110-9 |
Ag3PO4 | 1,310-20 | Cu(OH)2 | 1,610-19 | PbS | 2,510-27 |
Al(OH)3 | 510-33 | CuS | 6,310-36 | PbSO4 | 1,610-8 |
AlPO4 | 5,710-19 | Fe(OH)2 | 810-16 | Pb3(PO4)2 | 7,910-43 |
BaCO3 | 5,110-9 | Fe(OH)3 | 6,310-38 | Sb2S3 | 1,610-93 |
BaCrO4 | 1,210-10 | FePO4 | 1,310-22 | SrCO3 | 1,110-10 |
BaSO4 | 1110-10 | FeS | 510-18 | SrCrO4 | 3,610-5 |
Ba3(PO4)2 | 6,010-39 | HgS | 1,610-52 | SrF2 | 2,510-9 |
BeCO3 | 110-3 | MgCO3 | 2,110-5 | SrSO4 | 3,210-7 |
CaCO3 | 4,810-9 | Mg(OH)2 | 610-10 | ZnCO3 | 1,410-14 |
CaF2 | 4,010-11 | Mg3(PO4)2 | 110-13 | Zn(OH)2 | 110-17 |
CaHPO4 | 2,710-7 | MnCO3 | 1,810-11 | α-ZnS | 1,610-24 |
Ca(H2PO4)2 | 110-3 | Mn(OH)2 | 1,910-13 | Zn3(PO4)2 | 9,110-33 |
3
I | z | I | z | |||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | |||
0,001 | 0,98 | 0,78 | 0,73 | 0,1 | 0,81 | 0,44 | 0,16 | |
0,002 | 0,97 | 0,74 | 0,66 | 0,2 | 0,80 | 0,41 | 0,14 | |
0,005 | 0,95 | 0,66 | 0,55 | 0,3 | 0,81 | 0,42 | 0,14 | |
0,01 | 0,92 | 0,60 | 0,47 | 0,4 | 0,82 | 0,45 | 0,17 | |
0,02 | 0,90 | 0,53 | 0,37 | 0,5 | 0,84 | 0,50 | 0,21 | |
0,05 | 0,84 | 0,50 | 0,21 |
1. .. . - .: , 2002.-743 .
2. .., .. . - .: -, 2004 - 728 .
3. .., .. . - .: , 2000 532 ..
4. .. . 2004, . -, . 240.
6
: ɻ
1. - pH : , , , (III).
|
|
2. - : K2S, K2CO3, Li2S, K3PO4, K2SO3.
3. pH : NaHSO3, NaHS, KHCO3, Na2HPO4, NaH2PO4.
4. - : ZnCI2, Cu(NO3)2, FeSO4, AICI3, CrCI3.
5. - ( ) : (NH4)2S, (NH4)2SO3, (NH4)3PO4, (NH4)2HPO4.
6. - :
) NH4HS; ) NH4HSO3; )NH4H2PO4.
7. - :
) AI(CH3COO)3; ) Fe(HCOO)3; ) Cu(CH3COO)2.
8. - :
) Fe2(SO4)3 + Na2CO3 + H2O......
) AICI3 + (NH4)2S + H2O......
) Cr2(SO4)3 + (NH4)2S + H2O......
9. - :
) AICI3 + CH3COONa + H2O AI(OH) (CH3COO)2 +......
) CuSO4 + Na2CO3 + H2O [Cu(OH)]2CO3 +......
) Na2SiO3 + NH4CI + H2O......
10. , , pH (. .):
) NaCIO4 NaCIO;
) K2S K2Se;
) Na2CO3 NaHCO3.
11. , , pH (. .).
) CH3COONa HCOONa;
) Na2CO3 NaSO3 ;
) HCOONa HCOONH4.
12. : HCOOK, NH4Br, K2HPO4, Cu(NO3)2.
13. NaH2PO4 , Na3PO4 . , .
14. Cr(NO3)3 Na2S Cr(OH)3 . - .
15. :
) NaHCO3; ) NaCN; ) KNO3.
- .
16. , 0,01 pH .
17. pH 0,02 . Na2CO3, .
18. pH 0,1 0,001 .
19. 600 H2O = 10-12. , , pH 0,001 KOCI 25 600.
20. pH 0,1 10.
.
21. , : NH4CN, NH4F, (NH4)2S.
22. NaHCO3 , NaHSO3 ? .
23. , 0,1 pH .
24. . pH 2,4 Na3PO4? .
25. . pH 3. Na3PO4. ?
26. , pH 0,6 .
27. pH 0,2 NaHCOO, KHCOOH =1,7∙10-4.
28. pH , 0,001 NH4CI 10 . KNH4OH = 1,8∙10-5.
29. AI(CH3COO)3 AI2S3 ?
30. , FeCI3 , . .
|
|
31. , :
) AICI3 + H2O
) AICI3 + (NH4)2S + H2O
) AICI3 + (NH4)2CO3 + H2O
32. , 2 :
B4O72- + 3H2O 2H3BO3 + 2BO2-
BO2- + 2H2O H3BO3 + OH-
pH ?
33. pH , 5 20 NH4CI, KNH4OH = 1,8∙ 10-5.
34. pH : SnCI2 SnCI4 ( )?
35. AICI3 AIF3? .
36. .
37. Na2CO3, FeCI3 CuSO4. - . ?
38. Na2CO3, NaHCO3 NaOH pH .
39. - :
1) FeCI3; 2) Fe2(SO4)3; 3) Fe(OH)CI2.
40. - :
1) NaNO3; 2) NH4NO2; 3) NH4NO3.
41. - :
1) Zn(NO3)2; 2) Cu(NO3)2; 3)Ca(NO2)2.
42. - :
1) Cu(CH3COO)2; 2) CuSO4; 3) Cu(OH)NO3.
.
43. :
CO32- + H2O HCO3- + OH-
HCO3- + H2O H2CO3 + OH-
44. : FeCI2 FeCI3 ? .
45. pH 0,1 NH4CI (KNH4OH = 1,8 ∙10-5).
46. , 1 3,81 Na2B4O7 ∙ 10H2O (), pH = 9,18. , , .
47. BeOH+
BeOH+ = Be2+ + OH-
, pH 2 ∙ 10-2 BeCI2 4,2.
48. , , . , .
49. pH 0,2 NaHCOO, K = 1,8 ∙ 10-4.
50. - ( ):
NaCIO4, NH4CIO4, Na2S.
51. () ?
52. MgCI2 . ?
53. - :
NaCH3COO, NH4CH3COO, Fe(OH)SO4.
54. HCI FeCI3 . :
HCI + H2O = H2O+ +CI-
FeCI3 + 2H2O H3O+ + CI- + FeOHCI2
. .
55. LiJ CsF . LiJ , CsF - . ?
56. ( ) Na3PO4, Na2HPO4 NaH2PO4.
57. - :
F(NO3)3, Fe(OH)2NO3, Cu(NO3)2.
58. pH 0,1 .
|
|
59. : FeCl2 FeCl3 ( )?
60. 0,1 .
1. 0,1 0,001 -/, HCN=7,2∙10-10.
:
1) HCN:
HCN H+ + CN-
KHCN =
2) KCN 3- :
)
KCN + H2O HCN + KOH;
) -
K+ + CN- + H2O HCN + K+ + OH- ;
) -
CN- + H2O HCN + OH-.
:
h = = = 0.0118,
% = 0.011∙8100 = 1.18%; h = 1,18.
= 0,001 h = = = 0.118
1,18%.
2. , h pH 0,1 / CH3COONa.
:
CH3COON 3- :
)
CH3COONa + H2O CH3COOH + NaOH;
) -
CH3COO- + Na+ + H2O CH3COOH + Na+ + OH- ;
) -
CH3COO- + H2O CH3COOH + OH-.
K = ,
KCH3COOH = 1,74 ∙10-5,
KH2O = 10-14,
K = = 5,7 ∙10-10;
h
h = = = 7,4∙10-5 h = 0,0076 %
[OH-]- = c ∙ h
[OH-] = 10-1 ∙ 7,6 ∙ 10-6 ;
[H+] ∙ [OH-] = KH2O,
[H+] = ; pH = - Ig [H+],
pH = - Ig ≈ 6,88.
3. , , h pH 0,1 / Na3PO4.
:
3- 3- :
I :
)
Na3PO4 + H2O Na2HPO4 + NaOH;
) -
3Na+ + PO43- + H2O 2Na+ + (HPO4)2- + Na+ + OH-;
) -
PO43- + H2O HPO42- + OH- .
II :
)
Na2HPO4 + H2O NaH2PO4 + NaOH;
) -
2 Na+ + HPO42- + H2O Na+ + H2PO-4 + Na+ + OH-;
) -
HPO42- + H2O H2PO4- + OH- .
III :
)
NaH2PO4 + H2O H3PO4 + Na+ + OH-;
) -
Na+ + H2PO4- + H2O H3PO4 + NaOH;
) -
H2PO4 + H2O H3PO4 + OH-.
HPO42- H2PO4- , HPO42- H2PO4- .
.
, h pH
PO43- + H2O HPO4 + OH-
. 2 :
KH3PO4 = 7,6 ∙ 10-3,
KH2PO4- = 6,2 ∙ 10-8,
KHPO42- = 44 ∙ 10-13,
= = = = 0,023.
h
h = = = 0.377, 37,7%.
[OH-] = ch = 0,1∙ 0,377 = 3,77 ∙ 10-2,
pOH ≈ 1,42,
pH = 10 1,42 = 12,6.
4. pH
1. CuCl2, 2. Na2SO3, 3. K2SO4 ?
:
1) CuCI2 ( I ) Cu2+.
3- :
)
CuCI2 + H2O Cu(OH)CI + HCI;
) -
Cu2+ + 2CI- + H2O (CuOH)+ + CI- + H+ + CI-;
) -
Cu2+ + H2O (CuOH)+ + H+.
:
)
Cu(OH)CI + H2O (CuOH)2↓ + HCI;
) -
(CuOH)+ + CI- + H2O (CuOH)2↓ + H+ + CI-;
) -
(CuOH)+ + H2O (CuOH)2↓ + H+.
2) Na2SO3 .
I :
)
Na2SO3 + H2O NaHSO3 + NaOH;
) -
2Na+ + SO32- + H2O Na+ + HSO3- + Na+ + OH- ;
) -
SO32- + H2O HSO3- + OH-.
II :
)
NaHSO3 + H2O H2SO3 + NaOH;
) -
|
|
Na+ + HSO3-+ H2O H2SO3 + Na+ + OH-;
) -
HSO3-+ H2O H2SO3 + OH-.
3) K2SO4 () (Na2SO4).
, pH = 7.
5. .
AI2(SO4)3 + Na2S + H2O?
:
, AI(OH)3 H2S.
:
AI2(SO4)3 + 3Na2S + 6H2O 3Na2SO4 + 2AI(OH)3↓ + 3H2S↑
250
HNO2 | 2,6 ∙10-5 | ||
NH4OH | 4 ∙10-4 | ||
H3BO3 | K1 | 5,8 ∙10-4 | |
HOBr | 2,1 ∙ 10-9 | ||
H2O2 | K1 | 2,6 ∙10-12 | |
H2SiO3 | K1 K2 | 2,2 ∙10-10 1,6 ∙10-12 | |
HCOOH | 1,8 ∙10-4 | ||
H2SO3 | K1 K2 | 1,6 ∙ 10-2 6,3 ∙10-8 | |
H2S | K1 K2 | 6 ∙10-8 1 ∙10-14 | |
H2CO3 | K1 K2 | 4,5 ∙10-7 4,7 ∙10-11 | |
CH3COOH | 1,8 ∙10-5 | ||
H3PO4 | K1 K2 K3 | 7,5 ∙ 10-3 6,3 ∙10-8 1,3 ∙10-12 | |
HCN | 7,9 ∙10-10 | ||
H2C2O4 | K1 K2 | 5,4 ∙10-2 5,4 ∙10-5 |
1. .., ... .- .: , 2001.- 632 .
2. .. .- .: , 1985.- 301 .
3. .. .- .: , 2004.- 270 .
4. .. .- .: , 2004.- 224 .
7
: .
1. - . , ...
2. ... , . Me|Me+n||Me+n|Me
a ?
3. , , , ? .
4. () ? , ( ).
5. , .
6.
) .
)
- | ||||||||
1 - | 6 | 6 | -- | |||||
1, 4, 89 | Cu|Cu+2||Fe+2|Fe | Na/Ba | Fe Ni Fe Mn | Pb|Pb+2 0,0012 | NaOH | Zn | ||
2, 6, 87 | Fe|Fe+2||Zn+2|Zn | Ca/Ni | Zn AI Zn Cd | Zn|Zn+2 2 | BaCI2 | Ag | ||
3, 8, 88 | Mg|Mg+2||Fe+2|Fe | Sr/Ca | Mg Ca Mg Zn | Ni|Ni+2 2 | HNO3 | AI | ||
5, 12,34 | Mg|Mg+2||Zn+2|Zn | Cu/Fe | Mn Mg Mn Fe | Zn|Zn+2 2 | KNO3 | Ni | ||
7, 16,79 | Zn|Zn+2||Sn+2|Sn | Zn/Sn | Pb Cu Pb C | Zn|Zn+2 0,001 | NaBr | Fe | ||
9, 19,37 | Zn|Zn+2||AI+3|AI | Fe/Ag | AI Sr AI Cu | Cd|Cd+2 0,1 | Ba(NO3)2 | Cu | ||
10, 21,44 | Ag|Ag+||Mg+2|Mg | Na/Ag | Cr Mn Cr Sn | Ag|Ag+ 1 | Zn(NO3)2 | Co | ||
11, 32,50 | AI| AI+3||Mg+2|Mg | AI/Ag | Cd Mg Cd Pb | Fe|Fe+2 0,002 | AICI3 | Pb | ||
13, 36,42 | Pb|Pb+2||Ni+2|Ni | Ni/Pb | Ni Zn Ni Cu | Cu|Cu+2 0.1 | Cu(NO3)2 | Mn | ||
14, 28,56 | Mn|Mn+2||Ni+2|Ni | Na/Zn | Fe Zn Fe Cu | Ag|Ag+ 2 | Pb(NO3)2 | Mg | ||
15, 39,43 | Pb|Pb+2||Ag+|Ag | Mn/Ni | Zn Ag Zn Mg | Cd|Cd+2 0,01 | AI(NO3)3 | Sn | ||
17, 48,51 | AI| AI+3||Sn+2|Sn | Pb/Fe | Pb Bi Pb Ni | Cu|Cu+2 0,2 | AgNO3 | AI | ||
18, 53,60 | Sn|Sn+2||Cu+2|Cu | Ca/AI | AI Mg AI Pb | Ag|Ag+ 0,02 | MnCI | Zn | ||
20, 64,63 | Zn|Zn+2||Ni+2|Ni | Mn/Sn | Ni Cr Ni Ag | Cu|Cu+2 2 | Sn(NO3)2 | Ag | ||
22, 67,70 | Cu|Cu+2||AI+3|AI | Zn/Ni | Mg Ca Mg Cu | Sn|Sn+2 0,0045 | Ni(SO4)2 | Fe | ||
23, 68,78 | Zn|Zn+2||Pb+2|Pb | AI/Cu | Sb Cr Sb Ag | Zn|Zn+2 0,01 | H2SO4 | Pb | ||
30, 65,66 | Zn|Zn+2||Ag+|Ag | Na/Zn | AI Ca AI Zn | Sn|Sn+2 2 | Na2SO4 | Mg | ||
31, 73,62 | Ag|Ag+||Sn+2|Sn | Zn/Ag | Fe Ni Fe Mn | Ni|Ni+2 0,014 | ZnSO4 | Mn | ||
35, 61,72 | Mn|Mn+2||Pb+2|Pb | Na/Fe | Zn Cd Zn AI | Ag|Ag+ 2 | KOH | Fe | ||
38, 80,69 | Ni|Ni+2||AI+3|AI | Mn/Ni | Mg Ca Mg Zn | Cu|Cu+2 0,05 | CuCI2 | Cu | ||
40, 82,71 | Ni|Ni+2||Ag+|Ag | Zn/Pb | Mn Fe Mn Mg | Cd|Cd+2 3 | HCI | Ni | ||
45, 81,41 | Ni|Ni+2||Cu+2|Cu | Mn/Pb | Pb Cr Pb Cu | Fe|Fe+2 0,15 | Na2CO3 | Co | ||
46, 84,77 | AI|AI+3||Fe+2|Fe | Ag/K | AI Cu AI Ca | Ni|Ni+2 0,002 | NiCI2 | Pb | ||
47, 83,58 | Pb|Pb+2||Cu+2|Cu | Ni/K | Cr Sn Cr Mn | Zn|Zn+2 0,21 | Ca(NO3)2 | Ag | ||
24,49,74 | Zn|Zn+2||Pb+2|Pb | Fe/Mg | Cd Cd Cd Mg | Pb|Pb+2 0,1 | MgBr2 | Zn | ||
52, 25,85 | Mn|Mn+2||Fe+2|Fe | Zn/Pb | Ni Cu Ni Zn | Mn|Mn+2 0,005 | AgNO3 | AI | ||
54,29,86 | Mg|Mg+2||Pb+2|Pb | Sn/Mn | Fe Ag Fe Zn | Mg|Mg+2 2 | NiBr2 | Ni | ||
26,33,75 | Pb|Pb+2||Cu+2|Cu | Pb/Na | Zn Cu Zn Mg | AI|AI+3 0.003 | FeCI2 | Co | ||
55, 59,76 | Cr|Cr+3||Cu+2|Cu | Ag/Cu | Fe Ni Fe Mn | Pb|Pb+2 0,012 | PbCI2 | Ag | ||
57, 27,90 | Cr|Cr+3||Mg+2|Mg | Mg/Cu | Zn AI Zn Cd | Zn|Zn+2 0,4 | MgI2 | AI |