. . . , -. (Heider, 18961988), . (. .)
. .
(. theory of direct perception) . , . , , , . . , , , . . (. .)
(. signal-detection theory) . .
(. perspective-constancy theory) , - (., - ), () , ; - ( , , ). , ., . . . . . (. .)
(. goal-setting theory) . (Locke, 1968) , : 1) , ; 2) , ( ) . , . . ., . (. .)
( . . ) , , . : 1) (. ); 2) , (, , ); 3) (, .) (. ).
. . . . . 4 : ; ; (, .); .
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, ; - . . , . , . . ., .
. . . . . , , ( ), . . () , ; , , . .
(. prototype theory) (), (., , ). : ( ); ( ). , , . , ; . . , . (. . )
(. theory of psychosexual development) . , 5 (, , , , ); ( 6 12 ) , , .
(. theory of psychosocial development) . (1950, 1963), () , 8 () . (, , ), , , (, 1963). . . . . . , ; , . . . . ( ); , (). , . ., (basic trust vs. mistrust): (hope), . . .
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. . . , . , . ., 8 , , 28 = 256, . . . , . , . , . . . . . 8 .
1. (basic trust vs. mistrust): (hope) , (. ). , . , . , . , , , . . . . .
2. (autonomy vs. shame, doubt): (will) , (13 ). , , , . . . , , , , ( ). , (), , . , , , .
3. (initiative vs. guilt): (purpose) , (36 ). , () , , , ; , .
4. (industry vs. inferiority): (competence) , (612 ). , , .
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5. (identity vs. role diffusion, role confusion): (fidelity) , , , , , , , , . . , . . .
6. () (intimacy vs. isolation): (love) ( ). , , . , , , , . , .
7. (generativity vs. stagnation): (care) , (). . () .
8. (ego integrity vs. despair): (wisdom) 8 , , , , , . . . , .
, 2025 , 2 . , . . . (., Levinson, 1978, 1986; Peck, 1968; Vaillant, 1977). (. .)
. . (. . , . . , . . .). , . , , . , . 1- , 2 3- , (, , .). , , , .
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(. theory of mind, TOM, theory of mind skills) (., ) , . ( ). . . . , . , , , . .; . . . . ( ). . . (false belief task). ., . , , . (., ) : , . ? 3- , 45- , . . , (Hogrefe, Wimmer, Perner, 1986).
. . , , , . , , , . . , , , , , , -. (. . )
(. selfperception theory) (. ) , . . - (D. J. Bem, 1967, 1972), , , , . . (. .)
. .
. , .
(. theory of levels of processing) , . . (1972) ( ) . : ( , , . .), . , , ., , . , . . . . 1930- . (. . , . . .). . . . . (. .)
(. disengagement theory) . . . . .
(. Herzbergs theory of motivation, Herzbergs theory of motivators and hygiene factors) (1959) : . , , (supervision), , , . , . . : (achievement), (recognition), (the work itself), (responsibility) (advancement). , . . X, Y, Z, . (. .)
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. , .
(. theory of template matching) ( ) (, ). ( ) () . , , . , . . . . . . , . (. . )
(18961965) . , . . . , . - . . . ., , . . , (. ). . - ( , ) . . . (. . )
(. therblig ) , , . . (., , , , ), , 17 . . (. .)
(. thermoencephaloscopy) , . . 1980 . , . . 40 , 20 . . 0,014 C. . , . (. . )
(. Thurstone theory) . (1927) , , , , . . . . , , , . ., . (. . )
(. test) , . . (, , .). , . ( ) : (. ). .
. 2 : 1) ., 2) . ( , , , ).
. . . ( . . . ) . ( . . - .), ., . , , -, . , . ; . . , ., . . . , , - .
. , , , , . . 3 : , ; ; .
. XIX . (. ), 1- . XX . . , . . , . . . . , 1905 . (. ). . . . , . . , , . . , . ., , . .
. , . . ., , . . , , . . , . (. . )
. .
. .
. .
(. rouge test; rouge , ) . , , (., ) , ( ). . . - (Lewis, Brooks-Gunn, 1979), 15 . , 1517 . , 1824 . . , . (. .)
. .
(. achievement tests) , , . . . (, , .). . . . . . . . . . - (). (., ) , . . . . . , . , . , . (. . )