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:




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.. . : do

- have done. , - : (to have + Participle II) ).

"", "" .. (. , . , . ), (. , .. ) , " . - " ", " ").

:

, have been writing? , .

, have done, had done, will have done? .

. , .. , , , : , ( has lived in this city since 1970), , ( Past Indefinite). , (Future Perfect). .. , - .

, , . , - : do - is done; did - was done, etc. , .

, () , .., .. , ( ) . , .

- . .. , . - , .

, ( ) , - , .

, , . , , to run: he runs fast , he runs the factory . to walk (she walks along the alley:: she walks her dog every day), to burn (I burnt the paper:: paper burns well) .. , / ( ).

, , (to sit, to work). - , , : She took care of him. : He was taken care of. , () .

, , . :

- He dressed himself;

- They greeted each other;

- The door opened.

 

: ( / ) - e dressed himself). . he saw himself in the mirror ( ).

:

, , - . (helping himself and everybody else; defending myself - an accused communist). , , , .

 

, , , greeted each other, praised one another ( each other, one another ) , .

. they kissed each other and the child, , each other ( child). , : , , .

 

:

He opened the door:: The door opened.

They burned the paper:: The paper burned.

We apply the rule to many cases:: The rule applies to many cases.

 

- , ( ). , - , .

 

, , :

, , : , - .

, (.. ) , , , .

 

, , .. ( . , , , , , , , , ..

(), ( ) ( ).

. . .. , :

1) ,

2) , (, ),

3) . , , , , .

 

3 , ( ): Indicative, Imperative, Subjunctive. .. , 6 .

( ) :

: - . - -s , , , ( ) . Does he know it? Did he do it? , / . .. , : , - .

 

( ) , .. , . , , be I am silent/Be silent. , , .

, , : not to be:: dont be. .. .

(.. ) let (Let him go there:: Lets play:: Let me have a look at it) . .. : , . .. Lets let them do what they want, let (.. ). , .. ( ) Will you close the window please.

 

I .. . Present Subjunctive Past Subjunctive ( II ). , , , (contrary to reality:: not contrary to reality), that he be he were , . if I were (, , Imaginative use of the Past Tense). , : , , if I had been.

 

II Past Subjunctive). I wish he were here now. If only I knew As if she had ever lied . . II.

 

, , ( should) (I suggest that you should go there). I.

 

( would): , , ( ). . I would be glad if he were here now. I would not say no to a cup of tea.

.. , , .

, Fact Mood Thought Mood, ( ). should would Conditional Mood, may might Permissive Mood. If I were If he had come Tense-Moods ( ).

 

, ( ). () (). .

: , , ( , Subjunctuve II Conditional), (Subjunctive I Suppositional). .. . , . , , Subjunctive II , should do, would go . , .. Subjunctive I (I suggest that you go there. Long live the forces of peace), .. , . , .. Subjunctive II, .. .

 

.

do: I do remember you.

.

, , .. .

Infinitive mood.

17 ;

, , . , , , 20 (obligative, permissive, promissive, permissive, optative, intentional, etc.)

.. (The Structure of Modern English) , , . should would Future-in-the-Past.

, :

1. Inducement,

2. Possibility,

3. Unreal condition,

4. Unlikely condition,

5. Consequence of unreal condition,

6. Wish or purpose.

 

, :

1. ,

2. ,

3.

4. .

 

, , . , , , . , , ( ).

.. - . (. 1: , , . :

: , - .

: , .

: , (stop smoking), , (surprising answer).

, (verbals) .

, , verbals () . , , ( defective), . , (.. ) .

 

() (; , ). . () . ( . , - , , :: ( ) ( ).

, :

 

1. (verbals). : , , - :

  -
. To write To be writing To have written To have been written
. To be written is being written possible but not normally used To have been written -

.

:

(, .)

(to write a letter) (run fast);

(will go).

( ): I want you to help me

 

:

(to smoke is bad for your health),

(to see is to believe), (a book to read), (I am glad to see you), (he came here to help us).

 

:

bare infinitive, .. to, (can see), (I see him cross), had better, would rather (you had better do it now) ..

split infinitive, to (he began to quickly set up).

 

- :

 

Nominative-with-the-Infinitive ( complex subject): She is believed to be very talented;

Objective-with-the-Infinitive ( complex object): I saw him cross the street.

The for infinitive construction ( ): This is a book for you to read ( complex attribute) I am waiting for you to come (complex object) ..

 

I (, ) , ing-forms , , - .

.. , , . . spoke with air of everyone having his say ( having half-gerund, fused participle).

(, ) , , ( ).

.. :

1) I , .

2) ing-form, .

 

I . ( ):

 
. writing having written
. being written having been written

 

I :

I , :

(am speaking);

(writing a letter);

(speaking fast).

I . I:

(loving mother)[5],

(he entered, carrying a coffee-tray)

 

. . , :

:

, (smoking is bad for your health), (I hate smoking);

(he was accused of lying), (Marys crying irritated him).

:

( , ( ), ) . ;

(seeing her again was so exciting), (Marys coming here was so unusual);

(he stopped smoking).

, :

He disapproved of her spending such a lot of money.

He disapproved of her having spent such a lot of money.

- .

 

, . . , ( ) :

, .

( , ).

, - .

(.. , , - .

 

II (written, asked).

,

(have written)

- (dinner finished, they stood up and);

(a qualified majority, an answered question).

, II : She was embarrassed and vulnerable.

I II - :

Nominative-with-the Participle ( Complex Subject): He was heard playing the piano.

Objective-with-the-Participle ( Complex Object): I saw him crossing the street.

Absolute Participial Construction ( Complex Adverbial Modifier): The weather being fine, we shall go for a walk.

: He stood at the window, cigar in hand.

 

5.

, :

: .

- (full, less, like, some, -ing, -en, etc.); ( ).

(She lives in a big city), (she is smart), , (I found him happy).

 





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