ϳ | |||||
R | C | L | |||
ó () | ó | ó | |||
, -, - .
(). , , . , (x, y, z) (t). , , , .
(), , ᒺ .
³ (4), t, U (u1, u2, u3,,un) , . u1, u2, u3,,un , , .
, (),
, ᒺ ( , ᒺ, ). , , . . (, , ..) . .
(-, - ) .
, , ᒺ, .
, , ᒺ .
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, ᒺ : , , . . , .
ᒺ, Z = (z1, z2, , zn), . X = (x1, x2, , xn) () . ᒺ, . , ᒺ, . , ᒺ , . ֳ . G = (g1, g2, ,gr).
Y = (y1, y2, , yn) . zi = zi (t), xj = xj(t), yk = yk(t), gp = gp(t), X (t) Y (t). ᒺ Z [33]:
Y = W (X), (6.7)
W , , .
³ ᒺ Z , Z, X :
Y = F (X, Z) (6.8)
( ) . , (8) ᒺ.
, . (8) , , , .
. . .
, , , . [23]: 1) , 2) , 3) 4) , .
G
G
ᒺ Z |
G
.6. 7. ᒺ ()
, Y = (y1, y2, , yn) , ᒺ. ᒺ. , , () (, ) , , 䳿 (), , , , .
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, Z : , , , . : , , .
ᒺ, , , V (U) j (U),
L V (U) = j (U), (6.9)
: U , t (x, y, z); L , V (U) j (U).
ᒺ V (U), X, Z, G (9) Y.
, , . = (1, 2,, S), j yk(t). yk(t) j , ( Y), ( Y) [19]:
yk(t) < j; yk(t) > j; j* < yk(t) < j**, (6.10)
< , , , ; > , , ; < yk(t) < , .
, Y X Z (8). . , , .
6.6.
, , . , , , . , ( , , ) [22, . 5]. , , . , , . , , .
- ᒺ , , :
1. ᒺ (, , ), () (, ), ᒺ ,
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2. ᒺ . , , ᒺ . , , . - , , . , .
3. ᒺ . . , , - ᒺ. .
. , , . ᒺ.
.. [5], , . ³ , , ( ᒺ ) ᒺ , .
ij, (, ) () . , ᒺ , , .
, ᒺ (). ᒺ , , . ( ᒺ ) ' ( ᒺ ). ( ') , [12, . 333]. .. [24], ᒺ , () .
- ᒺ . ( ) , , ᒺ , , ( ) . .. [35], - ᒺ , (), . . [35]: () ᒺ ().
, , . , , . , . () (, ) , ᒺ . , (, ) .
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S , n ᒺ , , m () Rj ᒺ jÎJ. S :
S = á {}, , ~; {Rj}, jÎJ, ~ ñ. (6.11)
S1 Ì S, S2 Ì S, ᒺ a, b - , , a Î S1, b Î S2, S, S1, S2 . (a, b) () S1 ´ S2,
S1 ´ S2 S (6.12)
c S1 ´ S2 S, S = S1 È S2. a T b = c , a b ᒺ c, ᒺ a b , T , c ᒺ a b.
S ( ), a b (ᒺ) , (ᒺ) c = a T b, a Î S, b Î S, c Î S. ᒺ, ᒺ S. f: S S , (a, b) S [16]:
f (a T b) = f (a) ^ f (b). (6.13)
S T ^ [26, . 155], S , , () T ^.
, S (), x, ᒺ ,
x = (1, 2,, n) (6.14)
, ᒺ S.
[16]:
= {}, ~; {Rj*}, ~ , (6.15)
Rj* xi, Rj → Rj*, → (.6. 8).
() |
ᒺ i |
v |
j |
w |
f |
ᒺ i |
ᒺ (), (w) |
ᒺ ('), (v) |
. 6.8. C ᒺ
f, , {} , { }, R e , R* , f , [14]:
= f (a), = f (a). (6.16)
, ᒺ, , . ( ᒺ), (, , ), , - , ᒺ, .
ϳ ᒺ S, . , , , , [17, . 75].
6.7.
( S) [14]:
1. S. () , ᒺ (). ij ᒺ , . () 䳿 ᒺ . . .
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2. S. S , ᒺ , , i Î I . , S, ᒺ , .. , (䒺 , ᒺ) ( ), ᒺ , Rj, j Î J, , , .
3. (, ) S. , x, ᒺ , , ᒺ , Rj*, j Î J, (Rj → Rj*), . S ( ᒺ , , , ). , , - ᒺ.
4. , S (ᒺ ). (), . ׳ , , , , .
() S ᒺ . - , , , , , .
5. . S , ᒺ . ( ) (). : , , .
[17]. , , .
6. . , S (ᒺ ), . () ᒺ , d £ d..
7. , . S , (?, ?) (?). : (, ), , . .
8. ( ).
6.8.
, , :
, .
- , ᒺ .
(, ), , .
, .
, ᒺ, .
ᒺ . , , -, . , () . , [8]:
y = h (x, b, z),(6.17)
: y ; x = (x1, x2,..., xn) , c; b h; z , , ( ) .
ᒺ, . , , . . , , .
, .
() . - XIX . , . , .
, , m, F, t, ( - r) v, F (t, r, v), :
m = Fx (t, x, vx), (6.18)
x t, x(t); vx t, vx (t) = .
, t = t0 ( ) :
x |t = 0 = x0; vx (t) |t = 0 = v0 = . (6.19)
(6.18), x, t, ( ) :
x = x (t, 1, 2). (6.20)
(1, 2) , :
(6.21)
, (6.18), (6.19), :
x = x (t, x0, ). (6.22)
䳺 , () . , (6.22) () , () .
, , . x(t) , n- t; y(t) , n- t. (. 6.9).
ᒺ Z |
x(t) y(t)
. 6.9.
Z :
y(t) = x(t). (6.23)
Z , y(t) t x(t) t > t. , y(t) Z t x(t), t0 £t £ t [23].
, Z , y(t) x(t). , . , .
, - N, c1, c2,, cN - x1(t), x2(t),,xN(t) :
(6.24)
, , , . . , , .
, y(t) x(t),
y(t) = j (x(t), t) (6.25)
. , z(t) = [z1(t), z2(t),, zp(t)]T , x(t) = [x1(t), x2(t),, xn(t)]T , y(t) = [y1(t), y2(t),, ym(t)]T , , ,
= f (z, x, t), y = j (z, t), (6.26)
f p- z, x t, j m- z t. z0 = z (t0) (6.26) .
[23], , (6.26) .
(6.26) p- z, n- x t ( , , F x ), :
= F (z, x, t), Y = F (z, t), (6.27)
F (z, x, t) F (z, t) p- z, n- x t.
(27) , , Z0 = Z0 (t), Z Y t . .
, , , , .
ᒺ , . , , , - .
, () , , . , ( ), , .
, , . , ᒺ (, , ), ; ᒺ .
, (. . 6.7):
Y = Y (X, Z, G). (6.28)
.
Y = Y (X, Z). (6.29)
. , L V (U) = j (U), V (U) .
6.9. ,
, . 1965-1973 [36]. 1970 . , . FAT (Fuzzy Approximation Theorem), , - .
. 1975 . , . 80- , , , . 90- . : , , , , , , .
(fuzzy sets) (fuzzy logic) . ᒺ, , , .
. ( , ) A Í X Y(x), X, x Î X A.
, : Y(x) X ,
Y(x) = () (6.30)
t .
F (x) X,
Y(x) = (6.31)
pk,
Y(x) = (6.32)
Y(x) = (6.33)
.
() U, - X X, : " X: X Ç U = X. , - X U.
- X : X È U = U. ,- ᒺ x, X, , , : " X: x Î U. - , : " : Í U.
() Í U μ():
μ() = . (6.34)
μ() , x Î U .
, 0 1, , .
:
M = { x, μ() | xÎ U }, (6.35)
μ() ..
M = {< μ() | >}. (6.36)
. μ() x U, Î U [0, 1]. :
μ(): U [0, 1], 0 £ μ() £ 1, (6.37)
(, ).
μ () = 1 Î U , x () M = { x, μ() }, μ() = 0 x M.
M :
M = { (x1, μ(1)), (x2, μ(2)), , (xn, μ(n) }, (6.38)
n M ( Í U). , n = 6 :
M = { (x1, 0), (x2, 0,1), (x3, 0,5), (x4, 0,7), (x5, 0,9), (x7, 1)) }.
, x1 M, x2 M , x3 M, x4 M , x5 M, x7 M.
1 U . , , 10, μ () m Î N, m (. 6.10):
(6.39)
2 : 5 8 4. (. 6.11).
, μ() ( ) x M, x U, Í U.
U , x U, x . () U, x, = { μ () / }, μ () , 1, x x, 0 .
. 6.10. 10 , 10 ( ), m = 4, , 10, m = 1 ( )
. 6.11.
A U M. U , x U, x . A , x U x. A = = {0; 1}, A . , A, () .
, , , ᒺ 0 1.
3, [7] . , (fast). ᒺ (car), (speed), (top) . , 150 :
f (x) = (6.40)
, ,
{X Î CAR|TOP-SPEED (X) > 150}. (6.41)
, () (ᒺ) - . μ(), ᒺ . [0, 1]. ᒺ μ() = 1, ᒺ () ,μ() = 1, ᒺ . ᒺ , .
, (ᒺ, ), :
M = FAST-CAR = {(Porche, 0,9), (BMW, 0,5), (, 0,1) }. (6.42)
FAST-CAR (Porche) = 0,9 , 90% - . ֳ , , Porche , , 1.
< z, Z, A >, (6.43)
: z ; Z = {z} ( z); A = {< (z) | z >} , z().
, , , , . , . : ; ; ; ; . , .
˳ . , , .
: ˳ , . , , . , : , , . , , , , -.
. . :
< x, T, U, ., . >, (6.44)
x ; T -, U; . ( ), ; . , , .
, , ( ). , P(x), . [11].
- . - -. . , , , . 5. ) U={155,160,165,170,175,180,185,190}. . : A = (0/155, 0,1/160, 0,3/165, 0,8/170, 1/175, 1/180, 0,5/185, 0/190).
. 6.12. : A1, 2, 3
. ( ) . , . ' (National Health Service NHS), .
. . . ֳ , . , , .13. :
;
;
;
.
, ᒺ , , . , (if then), , , . , ᒺ.
. 6.13.
, 68HC11, 68HC12 Motorola, MCS-96 Intel, . : : ( ), , .
, , - .
ᒺ .
ᒺ - , .
(), .
. ᒺ- (), . , , ( ), 20 . , [15].