| -able -ible -ant, -ent -full -less -ous -y -ly | remarkable extensible resistant, different successful homeless famous sunny happily | , |
6. , . . to get, to be, to make, to go, to put .
. , :
to go
to go about ( , )
to go back
to go in for
, . , parties enter into contracts, put down deposits, serve (documents) upon other parties, write off debts .
7. . + + .. , . , .
- , :
ane , cane sugar
sugar , sugar cane .
; . . , , , ( ) , :
export grain ( )
grain export
8. . , . . 3040% .
III.
.
| -s | 1) . , 2) 's 3- . . . (Present Simple Tense) | _______ |
| -er | , , , | |
| -est | _______ | |
| -ed | : 1) (Past Simple Tense); 2) (Participle II) | _______ |
| -ing | : Participle I Gerund Verbal Noun | _______ |
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, , , , , , : 1) ; 2) .
-
| name an aim the machine - | to name to aim to machine |
| in turn without result | You must turn to the left. . Their efforts will result in success. . |
| (, , , , ) my work his studies Whose plans are better? ? No vacant seats are left. () . | (, , ) I work. . He studies. . Who plans the research? ? The car which seats 5 persons. , 5 . |
IV.
, . :
1) ;
2) .
, - . . .
, , , , .
: ) ; ) ; ) ; ) , ..; ) .
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1
1, .
1. . . .
2. Simple Progressive.
3. .
4. .
5. .
6. there is/are.
1
I. . , , s, , .. :
a) 3- Present Indefinite;
b) ;
c) .
1. The plaintiff is a person who brings an action in civil law.
2. The United Kingdom Parliament has full power to pass such laws.
3. Videotapes and photographs are both compelling and incriminating types of evidence.
4. The full details of this tragic event are in todays TV news.
5. A solicitor is a lawyer who gives legal advice to his or her client and may represent them in court.
6. The crime scene is at a kilometers distance from here.
II. . .
1. The juvenile crime record is constantly growing.
2. The young man was having treatment for drug problems.
3. When you see him next time he will be wearing a new uniform.
4. People are equal before the law.
5. Two policemen helped convict a fraudulent investment consultant.
6. The students will discuss the problem of arrest next time.
III. , , .
1. In Britain all learner drivers need to display L plates.
2. We will continue to need an effective and trusted police force.
3. He was relatively successful and after three or four months moved into the Criminal Investigation Department, as a detective constable.
4. The main task of law enforcement organizations is to protect against crime.
5. Clearly, we cannot create a competitive market of ideas in crime investigation.
6. The specialists are conducting a handwriting comparison to establish a forgery.
IV. , - . .
1. The kidnapper is described as white, aged about 38, with dark combed back hair and with a Northern accent.
2. TV watchers are being fed with all kinds of violence.
3. The verdict was pronounced in dead silence.
4. The lecture on administrative law will be delivered next Tuesday.
5. The committee was impressed by the testimony of doctors.
6. All crimes are being classified into several categories now.
V. , , , thethe; asas.
1. The new class of electors had different and greater demands than those of the existing middle-class electors.
2. He spent much more money for defence than he expected.
3. Fingerprints are the most incriminating types of evidence used in criminal cases because its one of the most reliable forms of identification.
4. The more I read the bill the more astonished I was.
5. He was as nervous as never in his life before the trial.
6. She is the most experienced attorney I have ever met.
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VI. , there is/are.
1. There is a lot of evidence that proves this fact.
2. There was a prosecutor, an attorney and a judge in the courtroom.
3. There are 52 police forces, or police authorities in Britain, each employed and paid by their local council.
4. There will be a widespread dissatisfaction when the verdict is pronounced.
5. There are a lot of counterfeit banknotes in circulation.
6. There is a person who wishes to see you.
VII. , , .
1. They often publish information on economic crimes.
2. What is the offence against her?
3. The policeman was looking for him.
4. Its your own business.
5. My statement to the police was used in evidence against me.
6. Guilt was written all over his face.
VIII. . , , .
John Edgar Hoover
1. John Edgar Hoover was born in 1885. He was a native of Washington, D.C. He went to school there and then to George Washington University where he studied law. As a student he was a brilliant one and had a great choice after graduating from the University.
2. John Hoover got a Job in the Department of Justice. Very soon he was sent to the Federal Bureau of Investigations. That was in 1924 when J.E. Hoover was forty.
3. The FBI was created primarily to handle criminal investigations. Now it handles over 180 different kinds of investigations and its responsibilities are growing. Squads of highly trained FBI Agents are devoting their efforts to fighting against organized crime.
4. For many years John Hoover was the head of the FBI and made it world's greatest law enforcement organization. He opened a technician and scientific laboratory, an identification division; set up a lot of training schools. He was also the initiator of National Police Academy where he taught as the chief instructor.
5. John Hoover had a photographic mind: he called agents by their first names. He remembered all investigations and their results. He said "The main task of the FBI is the protection of people against crime".
6. As to his personal life he had no time to get married. When he was not busy with his service in FBI, he usually went fishing or hunting. Hoover played tennis very well. He also liked music.
a department of Justice ;
a law enforcement organization ;
a chief instructor ;
a training-school .
IX. :
1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) ; 5) ; 6) (); 7) ; 8) ; 9) ; 10) ; 11) ; 12) ; 13) ; 14) ; 15) ; 16) ; 17) ; 18) ; 19) ; 20) .
IX. B :
a) , Past Indefinite Passive;
b) , Present Progressive Active. .
XI. , , .
XII. , .
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1. What was John Hoover? 2. How did he contribute to the development of the FBI? 3. What did Hoover consider to be the main task of the FBI?
2
I. . , , s, , .. :
a) 3- Present Indefinite;
b) ;
c) .
1. An attorney representing a client before a court helps to make the trial fair.
2. Statute law consists of the words that Parliament has enacted.
3. The state is a system of official institutions and organs.
4. John completely forgot his friends warning.
5. They are the innocent victims who knew nothing of the serious fraud.
6. She presents the journalists material as the evidence.
II. . .
1. Pollution became a problem suitable for regulation by the criminal law as a result of nineteenth-century industrialization and urbanization.
2. Senior policemen are becoming very worried about the number of attacks on their officers.
3. The judge was examining the documents all day long yesterday.
4. The electorate will increase in size from 500,000 to 813,000 electors.
5. Judge Helen Paling placed her on probation for two years.
6. Robbery is the motive for the crime.
III. , , .
1. The police immediately set up road blocks everywhere in the district.
2. The kidnapper, chased by the shop manager, fled and escaped in the car.
3. He was given a 12-month probation order after admitting burglary and breaking a community service order.
4. Shoe prints are extremely useful in police investigations.
5. Like hair, skin samples can help determine the skin color of the person involved in the crime.
6. Many of the northern and Scottish cities also experience sharply enhanced rush hours.
IV. , - . .
1. The news is being reported in all newspapers.
2. Mr. Butler was sentenced to eight months imprisonment.
3. If he starts speaking the secret will be revealed.
4. At common law, all fair and accurate reports of Parliament and the courts are protected by qualified privilege.
5. The candidates from different political parties were being discussed by the electors.
6. According to English law, people are innocent until they are proved guilty.
V. , , , thethe; asas.
1. Of the four sources, statute law is perhaps the best understood and nowadays the most extensive.
2. Apart from Common Law and Statute Law the most important department of our legal system is Equity.
3. Even as early as the second stage of imprisonment conjugal visits are permitted every fifteen days.
4. According to Home Office statistics, probation practice is more efficient and no less effective than imprisonment.
5. The longer he waited the more impatient he became.
6. This report is not so detailed as the one presented a week ago.
VI. , there is/are.
1. There are several important issues on the agenda of the meeting.
2. There is a view that individuals are recognized as subjects of international law.
3. There was a witness and a number of facts proving his guilt.
4. There will be a lot of arguments for and against capital punishment.
5. There were only two people suspected in this offence.
6. There are three methods of international payment: a telegraphic transfer, a SWIFT transfer and a mail transfer.
VII. , , .
1. She gave up law to become a writer.
2. The social worker advised them to put their child into the care.
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3. They apply this sanction involving abuse of official duties.
4. What is in store for him, to your mind?
5. As soon as we find out her legal address we shall contact you.
6. Please telephone him to send this message.
VIII. . , , .
Was A Philosopher
1. Socrates was a great philosopher. He lived in Athens in 399 B.C. He talked to anyone who listened to him, in the streets and market places. He was discussing philosophy with students, sailors or tradesmen. Socrates was questioning men about what they believed in and why. He always wanted to know how they could prove it. He met every answer with a new question and each answer after that with another question.
2. Some Athenians called him a dangerous idler who did nothing. The Oracle of Delphi called him the wisest man alive. But Socrates, with a cool skepticism, considered that his wisdom lay only in the fact that unlike other men, he knew how great his ignorance was.
3. He refused to accept a penny for teaching. The philosopher was sure he could never teach anyone anything. He simply tried to teach people how to think.
4. His enemies hated him. They believed he made young minds doubt and mock everything and it was undermining respect for democracy itself.
5. He was brought to the court and they voted him guilty. The prosecutor demanded the death penalty. Under the law of Athens it was now for the defendant to propose an alternative. Did Socrates defend himself? "I shall not change my conduct even if I must die hundred deaths".
6. His friends wanted to liberate him out of prison but Socrates refused to escape. He spent his last hours discussing the problem of good and evil. His mind was never idle. The man is gone, but the "Socratic" method of questioning and teaching has always been respected since then.
the Oracle of Delphi ;
to undermine ;
to vote smb guilty ;
a death penalty .
IX. :
1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) ; 5) ; 6) ; 7) ; 8) ; 9) ; 10) ; 11) ; 12) ; 13) (); 14) ; 15) ; 16) ; 17) ; 18) ; 19) ; 20) .
X. :
) , Past Progressive Active;
b) , . .
XI. to do . .
XII. , .
1. How did contemporaries () call Socrates?
2. Why did his enemies hate him?
3. What were the last words of Socrates?
4. How did Socrates spend his last hours?
2
2, .
1. some any no, .
2. to be. to be -, , .
3. to have. to have , .
4. .
5. Perfect Tenses (Active and Passive Voice).
6. Perfect Progressive Tenses (Active Voice)
7. .
1
I. , some, any, no .
1. Dont sign anything until you have consulted the lawyer.
2. Nothing can warrant such severe punishment.
3. Some burglaries have been committed in this area recently.
4. Did she have any money with her at the moment of crime.
5. You have no grounds for complain.
6. Have you raised any bail?
7. Something is wrong with their contract.
II. . , to be , -, . .
1. We are protesting against the brutal treatment of political prisoners.
2. He was at home on the night of the crime.
3. The basic responsibility of police is to fight crime and maintain order.
4. The new law was to come in force last week.
5. The committee members are examining the material now.
6. He is to be arrested on the suspicion of having stolen the money.
III. , to have , . .
1. The hide-out of the gang was revealed and they had to surrender.
2. Drug trafficking has become the most organized, most professional and most profitable of all illegal activities.
3. Small departments have a separate detective unit but detectives handle all types of crime here.
4. The accused has been living in the same house for twenty years.
5. The applicant had to pass an examination before she could practice law.
6. The seller has to compensate for the losses suffered by the buyer.
IV. , . .
1. In British law since the accused are considered to be innocent until they are proved guilty, the prosecution must prove their guilt.
2. The defence does not have to prove their innocence.
3. If there is doubt in the minds of the jury, the verdict must be not guilty.
4. In Scottish law, a jury may return a verdict of not proven (not proved), but even then the verdict is final and a person may not be tried twice for the same crime.
5. Until 1966 in England and Wales all the members of the jury had to be in agreement.
6. Now, at least ten of the twelve jury members must agree before a verdict can be given.
V. . - . .
1. A man had been convicted of theft on circumstantial evidence.
2. My lawyer has never tried to appeal this case.
3. Different people have been suggested as possible killers.
4. The security officers have revealed that violence has become increasingly common.
5. The clerk has been collecting information on this matter of law for a fortnight.
6. The trial jury will have been selected by the beginning of hearing.
VI. , .
1. The man thought they would evade the law.
2. They wanted to know if the lawyers would take part in the negotiations.
3. He said he was a real estate agent.
4. He wondered if the agreement had been signed.
5. We were sure he had legated his house.
6. The secretary announced that the hearing of that case would begin at 9 a.m. sharp.
VII. . 2-, 5- 6- .
The need for law
1. When the world was at primitive stage, its laws were as primitive as the society. The more develop the society is the more complicated its legislation is. We have been waiting for ages to see the modern laws appear. Every community has made laws to protect its members from violence and to ensure the basic rights of individuals. Otherwise the stronger men can join together and terrorize the neighbourhood.
2. Without law one cannot go out in broad daylight without the fear of being kidnapped, robbed or murdered. There are more good people than bad ones, but there are enough of the bad to make law necessary in the interests of everyone.
3. It is quite obvious that sometimes even law-abiding people are not as good as they ought to be. If people never told lies, never took anything that didnt belong to them, never refused to do anything that they ought to do, the society would still require some rules of behavior, i.e. laws to protect our social life. So we have to live according to some laws however good we may be. The law has to be provide for all kinds of possibilities. In the absence of law everybody can only rely upon the law of the jungle.
4. The main of each state power is to provide laws which help its people to live in satisfactory social conditions and as comfortably as possible. This is not at all an easy thing to do, and no country has been successful in producing laws which are entirely satisfactory. But the imperfect laws are still better than the complete absence of them.
5. Every country has its own legislation machinery and procedure. The procedure of adopting the law is different in each country but there are some similar stages. In the USA any congressman either in the House of Representatives or in the Senate or the President may initiate a new legislation. A bill is first introduced in the House of Representatives and then referred to one of the standing committees, which organizes hearing on it and may approve, amend or shelve the draft. In the Senate the procedure is much the same as in the House of Representatives. Finally the bill is to be signed by the President, who has the right to veto it. If the President vetoes a bill, it can still become a law, but only if it is passed by a two-thirds majority in both houses of Congress.
6. In Britain new legislation usually starts in the House of Lords. In each house a bill is considered in three stages, called readings. The first reading is purely formal; the second is usually the occasion for debate. After the second reading the bill is examined in details. If passed after its third reading it goes to the other house. Finally, the bill goes to the reigning monarch for the royal assent. Nowadays the royal assent is merely a formality.
to provide (for) .: ;
a bill ;
to shelve ;
a draft , ;
royal assent , .
VIII. .
1. ()
2.
3. ,
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15. ()
16.
17.
18. ( )
19.
20. .
IX. 3- . , .
X. .
1. Why cant people live without law?
2. What is the aim of each state power?
3. Who initiates new legislation: a) in the USA, b) in the United Kingdom?
4. How many stages must the bill pass to become law in Great Britain?
5. Who has the right of veto: a) in the USA, b) in the United Kingdom?
2
1. , some, any, no .
1. He has brought you some books on Criminalistics.
2. There were no journalists at the briefing.
3. I saw nobody in the sheriff office.
4. Did he tell you anything about his suspicions?
5. Im sorry but I didnt have any information you are interested in.
6. Did he tell you anything about his suspicions?
7. I have asked everybody about her address but nobody knows where she lives.
II. . , to be , -, . .
1. Theories on law were based on asserting that law plays a constructive role in society.
2. The law is on our side.
3. He was caught red handed.
4. The legislation was to be introduced to help single-parent families.
5. That day was too long and hard for them.
6. The police laboratory is on the eighth floor.
III. , to have , . .
1. Have you ever seen any court or prison in documentaries?
2. Interpol has succeeded in drawing public attention to the scale of the hidden economy.
3. The traffickers (those who are involved in drug traffic) of today has nothing in common with a typical street-corner pusher ( ).
4. The victim of the crime has to call his insurance agent today.
5. He had a legal right to demand a replacement of a faulty product.
6. He doesnt have much common sense.
IV. , . .
1. Anyone who wants to own a gun, even a shortgun (a gun for shooting birds or rabbits) must get a firearm certificate from the police.
2. Criminals have the right to appeal against their sentences to the Court of Appeal. If the appeal is refused there can be a final appeal to the House of Lords, but this rarely happens.
3. Murderers should not be subjected to the principle an eye for an eye
4. You will be allowed to make this material public only tomorrow.
5. In an accident the immediate care might save the life of a victim.
6. The Prime Minister will not be able to make policy decision without the agreement of his Cabinet.
V. . - . .
1. She had prepared all papers by the time her chief entered the office.
2. The family will have got serious financial difficulties by the time their guardian returns.
3. They have been waiting for the decision of the jury for an hour and a half.
4. Three unarmed policemen had been killed in cold blood before their partners arrived.
5. I had expected to get news by the end of the last week.
6. The police departments will have undertaken certain steps for orders sake by the end of the week.
VI. , .
1. The investigator reported that the suspect had begun testifying.
2. She asked why they punished her.
3. The man declared that he hadnt committed the crime they accused him of.
4. He said that I could accompany him to the court.
5. The judge said that he would ask the people to leave the room unless they stopped shouting.
6. One of the shop owners asked if his colleagues paid money to gangsters in return for protection.
VII. . 2-, 4- 5- .
