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12.




.

1. , .

2. .

3. . .

4. . .

 

. ( --

) , () , , .. . :

1)

2) ( )

3) ( )

.

( ), ( ).

, :

-

-

-

, , - . , , . 10. , , . , , , , , .

. .

.

:

AD = C + I + G + Xn

, , , () (I). .. , . , .

, . , $100 ( , ..), .. DG = $100. . , , () (S), , . : , , , , , . (marginal propensity to consume - m):

m = DC/DY 0 < m < 1

(marginal propensity to save - mps):

mps = DS/DY 0 < mps < 1

( , ).

, m mps 1.

m + mps = DC/DY + DS/DY = (DC + DS) /DY = DY/DY = 1

m mps (), , .

, 80% , 20% . , m = 0.8, mps = 0.2.

$100, - , $100, $80 $20 . $80, , $64 (80 × 0.8 = 64) $16 (80 × 0.2=16) . $64 ($51.2) ($12.8). :

DY1 DG = 100

       
   


D DS

DY2 80 20

       
   


DC DS

DY3 64 16

       
   


D C DS

DY4 51.2 12.8

(DY) :

DY = DY1 + DY2 + DY3 + DY4 +...

, (m), :

DY = DG + DG × m + (DG × m) × m + (DG × m 2) × m + (DG × m 3) × m +

= DG (1 + m + m2 + m3 + m4 +...)

( ) (m < 1), 1/(1 m). :

DY = DG × 1/(1 m)

:

DY = 100 + 80 + 64 + 51.2 + = 100 × 1/(1 0.8) = 100 × 5 = 500

, 100 . 1/(1 m) ( multG, ):

multG = 1/(1 m)

- , , () () . : ( ) , .

. , . , ( ), .

() (), . . (, = ). , - . , , 100$, 100$. () (S). m = 0.8, 100$ 80$ (100 × 0.8= 80), 5 (1/(1 0.8) = 1/0.2 = 5), 100$ 400$ (DY = D × 1/(1- m) = 80 × 5 = 400), 500$, 100$, .. . , ( 100, 80).

.

DY = D × 1/(1- m) (1)

D = m × (D),

D = - D ,

D = m × (- D ) (2)

(2) (1) , :

DY = m × (-D ) × 1/(1 m) = [- m /(1 m)] × (D )

[- m /(1 m)] . (1 mpc) , mps ( ), (- m / mps).

mult = - m /(1 m) = -m / mps

(- 4) (- 0.8 / (1 - 0.8) = - 0.8 / 0.2 = - 4). , , () () . 2 :

1) . ,

. , . 100$ (D = - 100) 400$:

DY = - m /(1 m) × (D ) = - 0.8/(1 0.2) × 100 = = - 4 × (-100) = 400

2)

. , , . , m = 0.8 , 100$, 500$:

DY = DG × 1/(1 m) = 100 × 5 = 500

400$:

DY = D × [-m /(1 m)] = 100 × (- 4) = 400

100$, .. . , 1.

. . , , .. . , . ( , , , ). 100$, 100$. , 0.8, 80$

D= D × m = 100 × 0.8 = 80

5:

1/(1- m) = 1/ (1- 0.8) = 5

400$:

DY = DC × 1/(1 m) = 80 × 5 = 400.

, , .. 100$, 80$, 500$, 400$.

. :

Dr = D

:

D = D × m = D r × m

:

DY = D × 1/(1 m) = D r × m × 1/(1 m) = [ m /(1- m)] × D r

, , :

mult Tr = m /(1 m) mult Tr = m / mps

, () () . . , , , (, ) .

. , , - : .

(.12.1()),

. :

-

-

-

,

, . ( Y1 Y*), ( 1 2) (.12.1 ()). , .

( -

), (.12.1 ()). :

-

-

-

-

.12.1.

) ) )

LRAS LRAS LRAS SRAS1

SRAS SRAS SRAS2

2 1 1

AD2

1 AD2 2 2

AD1 AD2 AD

                       
     
       
 
 
     


Y1 Y* Y Y* Y1 Y Y1 Y* Y

, : .

-

, . .

()

() . ( ) , , ( ) , . :

- ( ,

)

(, )

- ( , )

-

-

( ).

.

: , , , , . , . , , , ( ). , , . , - .

. , , , (.. ) . , , , , . .

, ( , ) , . (, , , , , ). , .. . , , , , . .

2/3 1/3 .

 

 





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