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AD = C + I + G + Xn
, , , () (I). .. , . , .
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, . , $100 ( , ..), .. DG = $100. . , , () (S), , . : , , , , , . (marginal propensity to consume - m):
m = DC/DY 0 < m < 1
(marginal propensity to save - mps):
mps = DS/DY 0 < mps < 1
( , ).
, m mps 1.
m + mps = DC/DY + DS/DY = (DC + DS) /DY = DY/DY = 1
m mps (), , .
, 80% , 20% . , m = 0.8, mps = 0.2.
$100, - , $100, $80 $20 . $80, , $64 (80 × 0.8 = 64) $16 (80 × 0.2=16) . $64 ($51.2) ($12.8). :
DY1 DG = 100
D DS
DY2 80 20
DC DS
DY3 64 16
D C DS
DY4 51.2 12.8
(DY) :
DY = DY1 + DY2 + DY3 + DY4 +...
, (m), :
DY = DG + DG × m + (DG × m) × m + (DG × m 2) × m + (DG × m 3) × m +
= DG (1 + m + m2 + m3 + m4 +...)
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( ) (m < 1), 1/(1 m). :
DY = DG × 1/(1 m)
:
DY = 100 + 80 + 64 + 51.2 + = 100 × 1/(1 0.8) = 100 × 5 = 500
, 100 . 1/(1 m) ( multG, ):
multG = 1/(1 m)
- , , () () . : ( ) , .
. , . , ( ), .
() (), . . (, = ). , - . , , 100$, 100$. () (S). m = 0.8, 100$ 80$ (100 × 0.8= 80), 5 (1/(1 0.8) = 1/0.2 = 5), 100$ 400$ (DY = D × 1/(1- m) = 80 × 5 = 400), 500$, 100$, .. . , ( 100, 80).
.
DY = D × 1/(1- m) (1)
D = m × (D),
D = - D ,
D = m × (- D ) (2)
(2) (1) , :
DY = m × (-D ) × 1/(1 m) = [- m /(1 m)] × (D )
[- m /(1 m)] . (1 mpc) , mps ( ), (- m / mps).
mult = - m /(1 m) = -m / mps
(- 4) (- 0.8 / (1 - 0.8) = - 0.8 / 0.2 = - 4). , , () () . 2 :
1) . ,
. , . 100$ (D = - 100) 400$:
DY = - m /(1 m) × (D ) = - 0.8/(1 0.2) × 100 = = - 4 × (-100) = 400
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2)
. , , . , m = 0.8 , 100$, 500$:
DY = DG × 1/(1 m) = 100 × 5 = 500
400$:
DY = D × [-m /(1 m)] = 100 × (- 4) = 400
100$, .. . , 1.
. . , , .. . , . ( , , , ). 100$, 100$. , 0.8, 80$
D= D × m = 100 × 0.8 = 80
5:
1/(1- m) = 1/ (1- 0.8) = 5
400$:
DY = DC × 1/(1 m) = 80 × 5 = 400.
, , .. 100$, 80$, 500$, 400$.
. :
Dr = D
:
D = D × m = D r × m
:
DY = D × 1/(1 m) = D r × m × 1/(1 m) = [ m /(1- m)] × D r
, , :
mult Tr = m /(1 m) mult Tr = m / mps
, () () . . , , , (, ) .
. , , - : .
(.12.1()),
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, . ( Y1 Y*), ( 1 2) (.12.1 ()). , .
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LRAS LRAS LRAS SRAS1
SRAS SRAS SRAS2
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AD1 AD2 AD
Y1 Y* Y Y* Y1 Y Y1 Y* Y
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