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1. . .

2. . .

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, , (), , .. , , , .. . , . . () . : (, .); ; - ; ; .., .. , .

. banco, (). XVI , ( ) /. , , .

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. ( Federal Reserve System), (Bank of England), Bundesbank, .

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, : 1) : ( ), ( - ), ( ); 2) : , , ; 3) : , .

, . : - - .

, : - ; () ; ( ); ; .

(). (, .). , , , , , .. , .

. , , , . .

. , . 100%- . $1000 (D = $1000), ( - liabilities) $1000, () $1000 (R = $1000), ( = $0). :

()
R = $1000 = $ 0 D = $1000

 

100%- . , , . . ( ) ( - , , ), , . ( ) .

 

____________________________________

100% 100%

 

100%- , , . , . , , .

, , ( ). , , 10% . , , , , . . , , .

(reserve ratio - rr) - , ( rr = R/D), , . I - , 20% - - . :

 

()
R = $ 200 = $ 800 D = $ 1000

 

$1000 (D = $1000), , 20%, $200 (R = D × rr = $1000 × 0,2 = $200), $800 ( = D R = $1000 - $200 = $800 = D rr × D = D (1 rr) = $1000 (1 0,2) = $800).

, ( 1914 ), . ( )

(required reserve ratio) , , . , (required reserves R.), (D) (rr):

R . = D × rr

, 1, 0 < rr < 1.

, , , .. ():

= D - R . = D D × rr = D (1 rr)

, , . , , , . (excess reserves - R ). :

R . = R . + R .

, 20%, $1000, $200 (1000 × 0.2 = 200) , $800 (1000 200 = 800) . , , $700. $100 (800 700 = 100) . $300 ($200 + $100 = $300).

( ), (R./D) , . , (.) (. < ) :

. = D - R .

:

 

 

() , . .

:

 

()
( ) ( , -, )

 

. .

. . . , , .. . ( ), .

, :

. , ;

. , , , , , . , , . , :

- . , ;

- , , , , ( ).

, I , $1000, 20%. $200 (R . = D x rr = 1000 0.2 = 200), $800 ( = D × (1 rr) = 1000 × (1 0.2) = 800). ( ), ( , ) $800.

 

I

()
R = $ 200 = $ 800 D = $ 1000

 

( , ), (), () (, II). II, , $800, $160 (800 × 0.2 = 160), $640 (800 × (1 0.2) = 640)

 

II

()
R = $ 160 = $ 640 D = $ 800

 

, () , .. . $640 . $128 (164 × 0.2 = 128), $512 (640 × (1 0.2) = 512).

 

III

()
R = $ 128 = $ 512 D = $ 640

 

, c IV $409.6, V $327.68 .. :

 

I D = 1000

       
   


K R K = D × (1 rr)

II D = 800 200

       
   


K R K = [D × (1 rr)] × (1 rr)

D = 640 160

       
   


K R K = [D × (1 rr)2] × (1 rr)

IV D = 512 128

       
   
 


K R K = [D × (1 rr)3] × (1 rr)

V D = 409.6 102.4

       
   
 


K R K = [D × (1 rr)4] × (1 rr)

..

.

( I, , , IV, V ..), , :

= D I + D + D + D IV + D V + =

= D + D × (1 rr) + [D × (1 rr)] × (1 rr) + [D × (1 rr)2] × (1 rr) +

+ [D × (1 rr)3] × (1 rr) + [D × (1 rr)4] × (1 rr) + =

= 1000 + 800 + 640 + 512 + 409.6 + 327.68 +

. (1 rr), .. 1. :

= D × 1/(1 (1 rr)) = D × 1/rr

= 1000 × 1/0.2 = 1000 × 5 = 5000

1/rr ( ) :

mult . = 1/rr

. , : , .

= D × mult

, , 2,7.

, , . 5 .

. , ( ), , ( ). , , , , . , , . ( ) .

(), (D). ( ), .. = + D, I ($1000) , .. , D. , $4000 (D = DI = 5000 1000 = 4000), .. . , II I , $800. , :

D = D + D + D IV + D V + =

= D × (1 rr) + [D × (1 rr)] × (1 rr) + [D × (1 rr)2] × (1 rr) +

+ [D × (1 rr)3] × (1 rr) + [D × (1 rr)4] × (1 rr) + =

= 800 + 640 + 512 + 409.6 + 327.68 + =

= 800 × (1/0.2) = 800 × 5 = 4000

D = [D × (1 rr)] × (1/rr) = × (1/rr) = × mult =

= 800 × (1/0.2) = 4000

, :

- ,

-

,

, (-) .





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