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. , . 100%- . $1000 (D = $1000), ( - liabilities) $1000, () $1000 (R = $1000), ( = $0). :
() | |
R = $1000 = $ 0 | D = $1000 |
100%- . , , . . ( ) ( - , , ), , . ( ) .
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100% 100%
100%- , , . , . , , .
, , ( ). , , 10% . , , , , . . , , .
(reserve ratio - rr) - , ( rr = R/D), , . I - , 20% - - . :
() | |
R = $ 200 = $ 800 | D = $ 1000 |
$1000 (D = $1000), , 20%, $200 (R = D × rr = $1000 × 0,2 = $200), $800 ( = D R = $1000 - $200 = $800 = D rr × D = D (1 rr) = $1000 (1 0,2) = $800).
, ( 1914 ), . ( )
(required reserve ratio) , , . , (required reserves R.), (D) (rr):
R . = D × rr
, 1, 0 < rr < 1.
, , , .. ():
= D - R . = D D × rr = D (1 rr)
, , . , , , . (excess reserves - R ). :
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R . = R . + R .
, 20%, $1000, $200 (1000 × 0.2 = 200) , $800 (1000 200 = 800) . , , $700. $100 (800 700 = 100) . $300 ($200 + $100 = $300).
( ), (R./D) , . , (.) (. < ) :
. = D - R .
:
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- . , ;
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, I , $1000, 20%. $200 (R . = D x rr = 1000 0.2 = 200), $800 ( = D × (1 rr) = 1000 × (1 0.2) = 800). ( ), ( , ) $800.
I
() | |
R = $ 200 = $ 800 | D = $ 1000 |
( , ), (), () (, II). II, , $800, $160 (800 × 0.2 = 160), $640 (800 × (1 0.2) = 640)
II
() | |
R = $ 160 = $ 640 | D = $ 800 |
, () , .. . $640 . $128 (164 × 0.2 = 128), $512 (640 × (1 0.2) = 512).
III
() | |
R = $ 128 = $ 512 | D = $ 640 |
, c IV $409.6, V $327.68 .. :
I D = 1000
K R K = D × (1 rr)
II D = 800 200
K R K = [D × (1 rr)] × (1 rr)
D = 640 160
K R K = [D × (1 rr)2] × (1 rr)
IV D = 512 128
K R K = [D × (1 rr)3] × (1 rr)
V D = 409.6 102.4
K R K = [D × (1 rr)4] × (1 rr)
..
.
( I, , , IV, V ..), , :
= D I + D + D + D IV + D V + =
= D + D × (1 rr) + [D × (1 rr)] × (1 rr) + [D × (1 rr)2] × (1 rr) +
+ [D × (1 rr)3] × (1 rr) + [D × (1 rr)4] × (1 rr) + =
= 1000 + 800 + 640 + 512 + 409.6 + 327.68 +
. (1 rr), .. 1. :
= D × 1/(1 (1 rr)) = D × 1/rr
= 1000 × 1/0.2 = 1000 × 5 = 5000
1/rr ( ) :
mult . = 1/rr
. , : , .
= D × mult
, , 2,7.
, , . 5 .
. , ( ), , ( ). , , , , . , , . ( ) .
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(), (D). ( ), .. = + D, I ($1000) , .. , D. , $4000 (D = DI = 5000 1000 = 4000), .. . , II I , $800. , :
D = D + D + D IV + D V + =
= D × (1 rr) + [D × (1 rr)] × (1 rr) + [D × (1 rr)2] × (1 rr) +
+ [D × (1 rr)3] × (1 rr) + [D × (1 rr)4] × (1 rr) + =
= 800 + 640 + 512 + 409.6 + 327.68 + =
= 800 × (1/0.2) = 800 × 5 = 4000
D = [D × (1 rr)] × (1/rr) = × (1/rr) = × mult =
= 800 × (1/0.2) = 4000
, :
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