1. Agriculture cities with food. 2. On the territory of this country some National Parks situated. 3. You can notice a great between these sceneries. 4. The power of the president is limited parliament. 5. The president is the of our country. 6. How many chambers does our parliament ? 7. Great Britain has an climate. 8. The rivers in Russia always in winter. 9. Great Britain lies on the of the sea routes. 10. Many countries are connected with Great Britain by . 11. The south of Great Britain, which has beautiful valleys and plains, is called
Translate the following into English.
1. , - .
2. (Mediterranean) .
3. , , .
4. .
5. , .
6. (marked) .
7. .
8. .
Write out the Keywords to following parts of the text.
- Official Name, Main Parts of Great Britain, Geographical Position, Territory, Population
- Landscape, Climate
- Development Level
- State Structure
- Tourist Attraction of Great Britain
Answer the following questions on the text.
1. What is the official name of Great Britain?
2. What are the main parts of Great Britain?
3. How many islands is Great Britain situated on? What are the largest?
4. How large is the total area\ the population of Great Britain?
5. What is Great Britain separated from the European continent by?
6. What seas and oceans is Great Britain washed by?
7. How do the landscapes of Great Britain vary from north to the south?
8. Are there many rivers and lakes in Great Britain?
9. Why does Great Britain have a very good connection with other countries?
10. What influences the climate of Great Britain most of all?
11. Is Great Britain an industrial or agricultural country? Try to prove that!
12. What are the main branches of British economy?
13. Who is the head of the state in Great Britain?
14. What are the roles of parliament and government in the political life of Great Britain?
15. Why is Great Britain so attractive for the tourists?
Thanksgiving
Thanksgiving is celebrated in the USA and Canada. In The USA, it is celebrated on the fourth Thursday in November every year. The Canadians celebrate it on the second Monday in October. It is associated with giving thanks to God. In the beginning people expressed gratitude for the harvest they reaped. It used to be a religious holiday but now it has become a secular celebration.
The most important part of the celebration is the dinner which includes the customary turkey served with cranberry sauce, and pumpkin. A lot of business goes on during this holiday. For example, restaurants take advantage of the holiday to sell turkey dinners
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Families and friends usually get together for a large meal or dinner during Thanksgiving and have a lot of fun. That's why, the Thanksgiving holiday weekend is considered one of the busiest travel periods of the year. Students are given a four-day or five-day weekend vacation. Thanksgiving is also a paid holiday for most workers.
1. The origin of the name "Thanksgiving" comes from:
a. thanks given to God
b. thanks given for the help the early settlers got from each other.
2. Thanksgiving is a time to
a. worship God
b. Thank god, eat and have fun.
3. It is a vacation for
a. everybody
b. a lot of people
4The main food that is prepared in this celebration is:
a. cranberry sauce, and pumpkin
b. turkey
Halloween
Halloween (also spelled Hallowe'en) is an annual holiday celebrated on October 31. It has roots in the Celtic festival of Samhain and the Christian holy day of All Saints.
Halloween has origins in the ancient festival known as Samhain, which is derived from Old Irish and means roughly "summer's end". This was a Gaelic festival celebrated mainly in Ireland and Scotland.This festival celebrates the end of the "lighter half" of the year and beginning of the "darker half", and is sometimes regarded as the "Celtic New Year".The celebration has some elements of a festival of the dead. The ancient Celts believed that the border between this world and the Other world became thin on Samhain, allowing spirits (both harmless and harmful) to pass through. The family's ancestors were honored and invited home whilst harmful spirits were warded off. It is believed that the need to ward off harmful spirits led to the wearing of costumes and masks. Their purpose was to disguise oneself as a harmful spirit and thus avoid harm.
But where does the origin of the name "halloween" come from? Well The term Halloween, originally spelled Halloween, is shortened from All Hallows' Even e'en is a shortening of evening. It is now known as "Eve of" All Saints' Day, which is November 1st. As Chritianity started to spread, the church tried to supplant these pagan festivities with the Christian holiday (All Saints' Day) by moving it from May 13 to November 1. Although All Saints' Day is now considered to occur one day after Halloween, the two holidays were once celebrated on the same day.
Halloween is also related to A jack-o'-lantern (sometimes also spelled Jack O'Lantern) which is typically a carved pumpkin. In a jack-o'-lantern, typically the top is cut off, and the inside flesh then scooped out; an image, usually a monstrous face, is carved onto the outside surface, and the lid replaced. At night, a light is placed inside to illuminate the effect.
Trick-or-treating is a customary celebration for children on Halloween. Children go in costume from house to house, asking for treats such as candy or sometimes money, with the question, "Trick or treat?" The word "trick" refers to a (mostly idle) threat to perform mischief on the homeowners or their property if no treat is given. In some parts of Ireland and Scotland children still go guising. In this custom the child performs some sort of show, i.e. sings a song or tells a ghost story, in order to earn their treats.
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Comprehension:
1. The word Halloween means:
a. hallows' day
b. hallows' evening
2. Why did people wear masks on Halloween?
a. They wanted to be unrecognizable.
b. They wanted to frighten away evil spirits.
c. They wanted to frighten their friends.
3. When children ask "trick or treat?":
a. They want you to give them candy
b. They give you a treat in return of candy or money
c. They let you in peace in return of candy or money
4. During Samhain festivities:
a. only evil spirits are present
b. only good spirits are present
Christmas
Christmas which is celebrated on December 25th is an important Christian holiday. The origin of the word "Christmas" comes from "Christ" and the "Holy.Mass". It is believed that the day commemorates the birth of Jesus Christ although a lot of people doubt that the Day corresponds to the actual date of his birth. In spite of its Christian origin, Christmas is also celebrated by a lot of nonChristian countries and the celebration includes a lot of non religious customs. People exchange gifts and greeting cards. Homes are decorated with Christmas trees, light and garlands. Dinners are planned with special food and all the families gather to have a lot of fun.
A central imaginary figure in Christmas is Father Christmas, also called Santa Claus. He is believed to fly on his sleigh bringing gifts for children.
Christmas is also an opportunity for economic growth. It has become an important period for business activity. Shops make a lot of profit and a lot of countries realized this economic impact.
Comprehension
1. Christmas celebration is on
a. December 24,
b. December 25,
c. December 26.
2. Jesus Christ's Date of birth
a. is on December 25th.
b. We are not sure about the exact date.
3. Santa Claus comes
a. on foot
b. on a flying sleigh
Easter Day
Easter Day is the central religious feast in the Christian world. According to Christian scripture, Jesus rose from the death on the third day after his crucifixion. Some Christians celebrate this resurrection on Easter Day or Easter Sunday (also Resurrection Day or Resurrection Sunday). Easter is a moveable feast, meaning it is not fixed in relation to the civil calendar.
According to the traditions, Easter Sunday is celebrated by taking part in an Easter vigil, lighting a new fire outside the church early on Sunday morning. Another custom involves lighting the Paschal candle and decorating it with studs to celebrate Christ's wounds. Chanting of the easter proclamation, reading the old testament, singing hymns and wishing happy Easter Day are other characteristics of the celebration.
Relatively newer elements such as the Easter Bunny and Easter egg hunts have become part of the holiday's modern celebrations, and those aspects are often celebrated by many Christians and non-Christians alike. The Easter Bunny, which is a counterpart to the Santa Claus of Christmas, brings gifts, a basket of colored eggs, to children on the night before the celebration. Easter eggs used to be painted chicken eggs, but a modern custom is to substitute chocolate eggs, or plastic eggs filled with confectionery such as jelly beans. These eggs are often hidden, allegedly by the Easter Bunny, for children to find on Easter morning.
Comprehension:
1.Easter Day is celebrated on a fixed date.
a. True
b. False
2.The custom of Easter vigil involves lighting fire indoor.
a. True
b. False
3.Easter Bunny and Easter Eggs are very old customs.
a. True
b. False
4.Easter Bunny on Easter Day is very much like Santa Claus on Christmas.
a. True
b. False
British holidays, customs and traditions
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I. Read the text and fid the English equivalents for the Russian ones:
1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) ; 5) , ; 6) ; 7) , ; 8) ; 9) , ; 10) ; 11) , ; 12) ; 13) ; 14) ; 15) ; 16) ; 17) ; 18) , ; 19) ; 20) ; 21) ; 22) .
Like any other nation in the world, Britain has its own customs and traditions that play a more important role in the lives of the UK people, compared with other nations.
Most of these customs and traditions are so old that they seem rather strange to modern people. But the Britons dont want to part with them. Being rather conservative by nature, they are very proud of their customs and traditions and carefully keep them up. Some of them are famous all over the world.
The British like order in everything and to queue up is one of their customs. Talks about the weather, bowler hats and great love for tea, as well as red double-deckers and left-hand traffic greatly add to the British originality.
It is well known that many kinds of sports were born in Britain: cricket, football, tennis, golf, boat- or horse-racings and some others. The British are great sports-lovers. Almost all of them go in for this or that kind of sports. And when they dont, they like to watch different games or speak about them. Sport is indeed an essential part of their life.
Most Britons like to spend their days-off at home with their families. They love gardens and prefer a house with a fireplace to a flat in a modern house. Almost all of them are very fond of animals and have one or more pets at home.
The UK holidays are especially rich in various customs and traditions:
Christmas is celebrated in the UK on the 25-th of December. It is one of the most important religious holidays in England, Wales and Ireland, but the Scots dont celebrate it at all.
On this day many Britons go to churches. At home they open their Christians presents and eat their holiday dinner (stuffed turkey- in England, roast goose in Wales and Ireland) with their traditional Christmas pudding. They also watch the Queens Christmas TV cast and make merry.
Boxing Day (December, 26) is marked with small presents in boxes usually given to their servants by the rich.
New Years Day is a great national holiday in Britain. It is usually marked with dances, lots of presents and New Years parties.
Good Friday is celebrated before Easter, when the Church marks the Crucifixion of Jesus Christ. On this day the British usually cat their famous hot cross buns.
Easter is the greatest religious holiday in the UK. Many Britons attend the church services. They spend this great holiday together with their families, exchange coloured or chocolate eggs and various presents.
St. Valentines Day (February, 14) is the holiday of love and friendship when many people send special cards (Valentines) to their beloved.
April Fools Day is now just a day for jokes and fun and May Day is an official Labour Day.
Halloween (October, 31) is celebrated on the eve of All Saints Day. As a rule, on this day many children make different costumes, put them on and go from house to house, saying: Trick or treat*. And the adults give them plenty of tasty things.
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On Guy Fawkess Day (November, 5) people in Britain build in their gardens bonfires (wood fires) with a figure of Guy Fawkes on the top. Thus they mark the day when this man tried to kill their king James J, putting a bomb under the Houses of Parliament, but failed.
The kings men found the bomb. They caught Guy Fawkes, took him to the Tower and cut off his head. On this day children usually try to make money. They make small guys and stand in the street, shouting: Penny for the guy.
Hogmanay (December, 31), the last day of the year or New Years eve, is widely celebrated by the Scots. Early in the morning many people go from house to house to wish their neighbours Happy New Year. Good or bad luck on this day depends on the first-footer. If he proves a dark-haired man, the family will be happy all the year round.
Numerous Bank Holidays are connected with all the above mentioned British holidays. They arc celebrated as official holidays. As a rule, on these days all banks and shops, post-offices and factories are closed. Almost all Britons spend them with their families. They have holiday dinners, drink wine and make merry.
II. Answer the questions:
1) What countrys holiday is Thanksgiving Day?
2) What event is this holiday dedicated to?
3) When is it celebrated?
4) What is the traditional meal of this day?
5) What is the name of the New Year's eve in Scotland?
6) What traditions are connected with this day?
7) What is the main element of St. Valentines Day?
8) Where did this holiday come from?
9) When is it celebrated?
10) What is the most favourite holiday in the world?
11) Name the greatest religious holidays.
12) What does Easter symbolize?
13) What are the main elements of this holiday?
III. Make words from these letters:
1) , , t, , , a, m, , d, 1,
2) d, i, , , , d, , , , , , ,
3) 11, s, , , , v, , g, , t, i,
4) 1, u, i, n, a, t, 1, in, i, o, a, t, n,
5) t, i, h, , , 1, , r, s, i, t,
6) y, i, t, v, y, o, r, d, c, a,
7) e, r, c, e, t, e, 1, a, b,
8) n, s, a, g, k, i, d, t, i, g, h, a, n, y, v,
9) v, e, r, c, s, o, t, e, n, i, a, v,
10) g, a, h, a, y. n, o, m,
1) , 2) , 3) , 4) , 5) , 6) , 7) , 8) , 9) , 10)
IV. Discuss the following points:
1. All the nations of the Globe have their own holidays, customs and traditions.
2. But only a few of them keep up their traditions and customs. As for the rest, they pay no attention to them at all.
3. To keep up ones customs and traditions is to keep up ones originality.
4. As a rule, many customs and traditions arc connected with nothing.
5. However, many people think them to be an important link between the past, present and future of various nations.
6. Numerous holidays, celebrated by this or that nation, help to reveal their character and way of their life.
7. Russia is a multinational and multicultural state with old and rich customs and traditions.
8. As for the UK and the USA, they are an exception, bccause these countries arc rather young and havent any customs and traditions.
9. The majority of the world population widely celebrate such joyful holidays as: Christmas, Easter, New Years Day and some others.
10. The Globe nations, naturally, differ from each other, but they celebrate different holidays in the same way.
11. The Russians, as well as many other nations, celcbrate only state and professional holidays. As for personal holidays, they arc not popular with them at all.
to be
to be - ", ". , to be (.. ).
I am in the room. - .
The book is on the table. - .
to be . , , to be - ( "").
, - , : (subject) + (verb) + (object)
I am a doctor. - . ( .)
to be :
I am happy. - .
to be , :
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I am = I'm
We are = we're
He is = he's
to be :
Am I happy? Is the book interesting? Is he our teacher?
not to be:
I am not happy. The book is not interesting. He is not our teacher.
not to be, :
I am not = I
is not = isn't
are not = aren't
to be , :
I am = I'm
We are = we're
He is = he's
to have
- ", , ". have, has have got, has got ( 've got 's got) , :
We 've got a nice flat.- .
Have you got any pets? - ?
to have , do:
Have you got two sons? (.)
Do you have a lot of free time? (.)
to have not no
has not got = hasn't got I haven't got a pen.
have not got = haven't got I have got no pen here.
to have did.
Where did you have breakfast yesterday? - ?
I didn't have an umbrella - .
to have
to have a lesson / a lecture / a meeting - / /
to have breakfast / lunch / dinner...- / /
to have a rest / a swim / a wash - / /
to have a drink / a cigarette / a day off - / /
Have a nice week-end! ( )
Have a good party! ( )
to have a cold
to have a look
to have no doubts
to have a cup of tea/coffee /
to have fun
/ Degrees of Comparison
, , : (the Comparative Degree) (the Superlative Degree). (the Positive Degree):
Matthew is a young man. . (young - )
Matthew is younger than Pete. . (younger )
Matthew is the youngest man in the group. . (youngest )
( : long) ( : sunny, grateful).
: + -er
: + -est:
| long | longer , | the longest , |
| warm | warmer , | the warmest |
, - (y i), -er, -ow, -ble
: + -er
: + -est:
| sunny | sunnier , | the sunniest |
| tender | tenderer | the tenderest |
| narrow | narrower | the narrowest |
| able | abler , | the ablest , |
(2 )
: more +
: the most + :
| beautiful | more beautiful | the most beautiful |
| useful | more useful , | the most useful |
| interesting | more interesting , | the most interesting , |
:
) polite, severe, sincere, simple, common. -er, -est:
| polite | politer , | the politest |
| severe | severer , | the severest , |
| sincere | sincerer , | the sincerest , |
| simple | simpler , | the simplest , |
| common | commoner , | the commonest |
) right, wrong, real. more the most:
| right | more right | the most right |
| wrong | more wrong | the most wrong |
) , :
| good | better | the best , |
| bad | worse | the worst , |
| little | less | the least |
| much, many | more | the most |
| old | older ( ) elder ( ) | the oldest the eldest |
| far , | farther 1. , further 1. 2. , | the farthest, the furthest , |
| near | nearer | the nearest ( ) the next ( ) |
| late | later ( ) latter ( ) | the latest the last ( ) |
:
1. :
a) less
) smaller :
There are less pupils in our group than in yours. , .
My doll is smaller than yours. .
2. :
a) more
) bigger larger :
There are more pupils in our group than in yours. , .
My doll is larger than yours. .
3. a) Farther, farthest further, furthest :
The farthest (furthest) shop is on the St.Luis street. .
) Further , :
Now you know my further actions.
Indefinite (Simple)
Present Simple
| (Present Simple) | |||
| 1- | I work We work | I do not (dont) work We do not(dont) work | Do I work? Do we work? |
| 2- | You work | You do not (dont) work | Do you work? |
| 3- | He works She works It works They work | He does not (doesnt) work She does not (doesnt) work It does not (doesnt) work They do not (dont) work | Does he work? Does she work? Does it work? Do they work? |
Simple to , 3- . (he, she, it), s es. es , ( sh, -ch, -ss, -x), to go, to do:
I take he take s, I teach he teach es, I go he go es
, y c , 3- . y i es:
I try he tri es
to do (does 3- he, she, it) to. to do to have.
| (Present Simple) | |
| : | |
| , , : | He lives in London. He keeps his promises. |
| , : | I eat an apple every morning. |
| , , : | Water boils at a definite temperature - 100 degrees Centigrade. |
| , , : | Does your wife arrive on Monday? In a week I fly to Iran, and in another week I come back. |
| : | If he comes, I will ask him about it. |
| : every day, sometimes, often, seldom, rarely, always, never, usually, as a rule, from time to time, occasionally, etc. |
Past Simple
| (Past Simple) | |||
| 1- | I worked We worked | I did not (didnt) work We did not (didnt) work | Did I work? Did we work? |
| 2- | You worked | You did not (didnt) work | Did you work? |
| 3- | He worked She worked It worked They worked | He did not (didnt) work She did not (didnt) work It did not (didnt) work They did not (didnt) work | Did he work? Did she work? Did it work? Did they work? |
Past Simple ed to.
we finish we finished, we open we opened
, d .
we like we liked, we hate we hated
, y , y i ed.
we cry we cried, we enjoy we enjoyed
ed : 1) , : we stop we stopped, we slip we slipped; 2) , , : we admit we admitted, we prefer we preferred; 3) l, l , , : we travel we travelled, we repel we repelled.
Past Simple .
we go we went, we write we wrote, we send we sent
Past Simple (Past Simple) to do - did to.
| (Past Simple) | |
| : | |
| : | I took a book from the library yesterday. |
| : | He reached the hall, took a book, opened it and began reading it. |
| , : | He always came to school on time. |
| : yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week\year\month; a minute\hour ago, the other day etc. |
Future Simple
| (Future Simple) | |||
| 1- | I will (Ill) work We will (well) work | I will not work We will not work | Will I work? Will we work? |
| 2- | You will (youll) work | You will not work | Will you work? |
| 3- | He will (hell) work She will (shell) work It will work They will (theyll) work | He will not work She will not work It will not work They will not work | Will he work? Will she work? Will it work? Will they work? |
Future Simple will to. will , not, . 1- (I, we) shall , , .
Future Simple :
1) not , , not: I wont work;
2) not , not : Ill not work, hell not work.
| (Future Simple) | |
| : | |
| : | I will take a book from the library tomorrow. |
| : | He will take a book, open it and begin to read it. |
| , : | We will often meet. |
| : if, when, as soon as, before, after, till (until) . | Before you cross the park, you will come to a supermarket. |
| : tomorrow, next year\week\month, in an hour\day\week, etc. |
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