, IX XI .., . ( ), , .
:
, ( VIII . , , IX . - ; 878 . ), , .
, , , . : root, wing, anger, fellow, gate, husband, window, : low, ill, ugly, weak, loose, odd, wrong, happy; : cast, cut, die, hit, take, call, want.
. : they, them, their, both, same, till.
. , -by (Sc byr ) Derby, Whitby, Rugby; -thorp, -torp (Sc torp ) Althorp, Linthorpe; -toft (Sc ) Eastoft, Brimtoft, Nortoft, -thwaite (Sc ) Applethwaite, Braithwaite, Langthwaite. .
(IX XI ..), . , geyser, clumsy, to doze, saga, ski, skald, viking, valkyrie. .
, . . , , sk (sc) ( sc [S] . OE scip ME ship, OE sceort ME short). , sk (sc): sky, skin, skull, scant, skill, scanty, whisk, to scare, to screak, to scrape, to bask. g, k i, e ( - [j], [tS]). : get, gift, guess.
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, , ( ). : bloom (OE bloma , Sc blomi , ); to dwell (OE dwellan , , , , Sc dveljask ).
, . , , .
, . XI ., , , , 1066 . . . , , , , , . , , . .
, , , . :
: state, govern, government, country, county, power, parliament, people, nation, council;
: fief, vassal, peasant, servant, feudal, prince, duke, count, baron, honour, glory, noble, fine, genteel, courteous;
: army, enemy, battle, war, peace, assault, siege, defence, retreat, defeat, conquest, victory, navy, vessel, officer, soldier, captain, sergeant;
, : court, justice, accuse, judge, jury, attorney, solicitor, crime, felony, fraud, assault and battery, libel, slander, larceny;
: religion, parish, communion, sermon, prayer, parson, clergy, dean, abbey, relics, saint, to tempt, to blame, vice, virtue;
, : literature, art, colour, architecture, to paint, to design, prose, story, volume, poet, chapter, tower, arch, vault, porch, aisle, choir;
, , , , , : dress, gown, costume, dinner, supper, soup, paste, pastry, to boil, to fry, to roast, to toast, sport, chase, pleasure, comfort, cards, dice, trump, ace, luxury, ornament, jewels.
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, , .
XVII . . , .
, , : machine, bourgeois, camouflage, garage, ballet, beau, naïve, fatigue, coquette, grimace, grotesque.
:
: capital, commerce, investment, bank, machine, manufacture;
, , , : memoir, cartoon, lampoon, critique, miniature, symphony, burlesque, to banter, to ridicule, to remark;
: bourgeois, regime, police, currency, capitalism, capitalist, finance; XVIII .: aristocrat, democrat, despot, royalist, conscription, section, to revolutionize, to terrorize, revolution, demagogic, tyranny, bureaucracy;
: platoon, bomb, corps, bayonet, blockade, marine.
, . : canopy, choir, chronicle, episode, physic, police, ode, rhythm.
, , . , , (, , ); - (, , , , ).
. , . . , , : (Wales), (Cornwall), (Scotland). ( ), : bannock , bin , brock , crag , dun - , down , brat . .
, . , . , uisge Exe, Esk, Usk . - Avon, Dover, Trent, Wye; Barr, Bredon, Torr. : aber Aberdeen; dun Dundee, Dunstable; cum , Duncombe, Helcombe, Wonchcomb; llan Llandaff, Llandovery; inbher Inverness, Inverurie.
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: Arthur , Donald , Evan .
(, ). , , ( . . XVIII ., . XIX .). : clan, flannel, loch, shamrock, slogan, Tory, whiskey.
. - , : beak, budge ( budget), gravel, harness, tunnel, carry, cargo .
, XVI . .
, . , , , , ; , , , . : adagio, allegro, andante, aria, baritone, basso, concert, duet, contralto, falsetto, legato, intermezzo, libretto, primadonna, piano, opera, solo, sonata, soprano, tempo, trio, violin; : fresco, studio, stucco, terra cotta, bust; : canto, stanza; : cornice, colonnade, niche, grotto, granite, balcony.
, XVI XVII .. : alarm, cartridge, cavalry, colonel, corporal, infantry, campaign, pistol, brave.
, - . , , , : lagoon, macaroni, lava, volcano, gondola, casino, spaghetti, piazza, pizza. : bank, Lombard, traffic, fiasco, bankrupt, risk. XX . fascism.
, , , . XIII . . . , , .
XIII . : snatch , tackle , booze , splint , , : to gloss , rock , spool , stripe .
XV XVII .. , . : buoy , deck , yacht , skipper , reef , dock .
, , XVI XVII . : sketch, landscape, easel, to etch.
, : luck, wagon, slim, uproar, loiter, brandy, smuggle, boss.