, 1903-1913 . , . 1903 . a-, , - , , . , a- - , +2. , , a-, .. a-, . a- . , a- (.. ) (~4-6). : 180. : 8000 90, . 30 : " , a- . . , , , a- , , a- ".
, , , , ~10-3500, , , .
, (b > 90) , , . , . 1911 . :
, , , , ;
a- , ( a-) ;
, . , , , .
|
|
, . , a-.
A , + Ze. , () a-. , . , a- . , . a- , + Z a e, v r x (.1). r .
a- B
. (1.1)
, (1.2)
E .
. (1.3)
(1.2) (1.3) , a- . (. ), :
. (1.4)
(1.4) , r b r = 0 180. (1.4) , r , . , a-. A d . N α-. dN, b b + db (. .2).
d W, ,
. (1.5)
a- x. , (1.4) r. b b + db , r r -dr . , d W , r r -dr, (.3).
. (1.6)
, a- dN 0 d W
. (1.7)
n 0 ,
, (1.8)
n .
a- dN d W
. (1.9)
(1.4) :
; (1.10)
. (1.11)
(1.11) , r, b . a- , (1.10) (1.11) (1.9), .
,
, M v2 = 2 T α Zα = 2
|
|
. (1.12)
. (1.12) , ~ 10-12 , , a- dN ( 1/Sin4 (b /2)) a- ( 1/ Tα 2); , (Z 2 2) , . .
(4.20)
. (1.13)
(4.21) , 5 130, .. sin4 (b /2) 250000 dN ×sin4(b/2) . . dN a-. . (1920 .) , () Z . : , , .
Z | ||
Cu | 29,3 | |
Ag | 46,3 | |
Pt | 77,4 |
, , b 180 dN sin4(b /2) , . , . , ( ) a- , , . (, , ) b180 :
(Z = 79) E = 6,2 ×104 r min = 3.6×10-12 ( r = 0). , 10-12 ( ),
, :
1. + Ze, .
2. (10-12 ), .. "" , .
3. 10-12 .
4. , ( ) .
13727.99 1 | |
14524.61 1 | |
- * | 09099.00 1 |
09103.02 1 | |
09103.03 1 | |
U- , | 06320.00 1 |
, Am-241, 370 | 09090.11 1 |
- | 09103.00 1 |
- | 09100.10 1 |
DVR 2, 11000 , 1 | 34171.00 1 |
, 2- , 220 | 08163.93 1 |
, NBR, 6/15 | 39289.00 2 |
, Y- | 47518.03 1 |
, 20 | 43631.20 1 |
, BNC, l =750 | 07542.11 1 |
, BNC, l =300 | 07542.10 1 |
Windows 95 | |
*- | 09100.00 1 |
|
|
1. 110º 145 º. , .
2. ( 20 90) . , .
. 4 . .
BNC Detector () . BNC "Output" () "Input" () . 5- +/- 12 B .
Inv. "Bias" Int, -. !
, .
USB , Measure. , USB, Windows, USB , .
. 4: .
1:
Am-241, 370 5 . . , . . . 5.
, 20 . , , . , .
. 5: |
4,5 , 16 .
Measure, "Gauge" > "Multi Channel Analyser". ( - ). "Spectra recording" ( ), "Continue" (), . . 6
"Gain" () "Level 2" ( 2), "Offset [%]" 6, x "Channel number" ( ), "Reset" () , . . 7
100 . .
4,0 , 5,0 , 5,5 6,0 .
. 4,0 .
. 7: . |
|
|
, , . , ,
xSD = dx + sx = 2,3 , .
, , . . dN/N (1.12) . , , . , , (1.13) , :
, ;
, .
, , , , , , , , .
, , .
. , .
z, S 2,6 , , D - 2,1 , .
, ( 1).
1: , 1,5
z, | r 2, 2 | N (z) | ||||||
4,0 | 34,88 | 110,25 | 16,18 | 6,0 | 0,453 | |||
4,5 | 28,14 | 123,72 | 23,78 | 3,0 | 0,605 | |||
5,0 | 23,46 | 133,1 | 33,38 | 2,0 | 0,708 | |||
5,5 | 20,06 | 139,89 | 44,98 | 1,3 | 0,779 | 45,5 | ||
6,0 | 17,49 | 145,02 | 58,58 | 1,0 | 0,828 | 48,5 |
, . .
2: = 4,0 1,5 8,0 .
z, | N (z) | t, | Δ N (z), -1 | Z | Z2 | Δ N (z)/Z2, -1 | |
4,0 | 6,0 | 0,9610-3 | 8,5% | ||||
4,0 | 0,21 | 1,210-3 | 26% |
2:
, . 8, , .
. 8: .
, , Measure, "Gauge" > "Multi Channel Analyser". "Integration measurement" ( ), "Continue".
"Gain" "Level 2" ( 2), "Offset [%]" 6, Recording time [s] ( ()) 1800.
. 9: |
. 10: . |
10 .
Measure (). , . 10. Accept value ( ).
, , , Perform measurement ( ). =5, 7, 10, 14 19 , Accept data ( ).
|
|
. , "Display options" ( ) . , = 10 2400 .
. 11: |
- , - ( ),.
, , :
.
(2.1)
(1.12) . 8 :
(2.2)
. 8 , . . , , , , :
(2.3)
, (2.2) :
, .. ;
, , ;
, .. ;
, r - .
,
,
(2,2)
(2.4)
, , , - , , , , . . (2.4) , . 5 , . S , , , . "Offset [%]" , , , , . S .
:
Z () = 79
n () = 5,91022 c-3
= 4,80310-10
= 3 = 4,80710-6
k, (2), 0,213 -1,
= 20,16 = 2,016
= 370 = 2,22107 -1
= 6 2
= 1,5 = 1,510-4
= 15 2 = 0,15 2 ( 09099.00)
= 3,1 cos -1
3:
, | , ., -1 | , ., -1 | ||
90,5 | 2,2 | 2,16 | ||
77,8 | 2,5 | 2,39 | ||
67,8 | 2,9 | 2,55 | ||
53,5 | 2,9 | 2,74 | ||
40,3 | 3,5 | 2,88 | ||
30,1 | 3,7 | 3,0 | ||
21,7 | 5,0 | 3,02 |
. 12 .
. 12: ( ). |
= 3 . Am-241 = 5,5 , , , 4 , 1,5 3 . , .
, ( ). 75º 6 , , , , 1%.
l α- , , . .
. , , , .
4: = 1,5 , (Z = 79) - = 8 , (Z = 13) = 11 , = 40,3º, n () = 6,01022-3 , .
, ., -1 | , ., -1 | ||||
8,91018 | 3,5 | 2,9 | |||
4.81019 | 0,38 | 0,42 |
4 . , . , . , . , , .. . =26%. .
.
29. .
30. .
31. . 1.
32. ().
33. .
34. .
35. .
1. .
2. a- .
3. a - .
4. .
1. PHYWE ( ).
2. .. . 3- . . 1. , 2009 : "", 978-5-8114-0739-2, : 2009, 7- , .
3. .. . 3- . . 2. , 2009 : "", ISBN: 978-5-8114-0740-8, : 2009, 7- , .
4. .. . 3- . . 3. , 2008 : "", 978-5-8114-0741-5, : 2008, 6- ., .
5. .. . . , 1981
6. .. , , .2..,1989
7. ( ).
π = 3,1415926
c = 2, 99792458*108 /
*
1/4πε = 8, 9875*109 *2/2
m = 9,1093897*10-31
= 1, 60217733 *10-19
h = 1,6726231*10-27
d = 3, 343615*10-27
[1] , .
[2] , , .
[3] ( ), .
[4] , , .
[5] .