, .. :
H2O ↔ H+ + OH-.
H+ OH- . 250 10-14:
- H+ OH- .
, .
H+ . pH, :
1.
1. .
pH | ||
1˂pH˂7 | [H+]>[OH-], [H+]>10-7 / | |
pH = 7 | ( ) | [H+] = [OH-] = 10-7 ∕ |
7˂pH˂14 | [H+]<[OH-], [H+-]<10-7 / |
, . 2.
2.
( ) pH . pH ( 0,01 ) pH-.
pH 7,4, pH = 1-2, pH 7,6 8,4, 12-14, pH = 10.
, . . , . , H+ OH-, (pH#7), . .
, .
1. ( ). (pH=7):
NaCl + HOH≠
2. (pH>7). , :
|
|
CO32- + HOH ↔ HCO3- + OH- - .
Na2CO3 + HOH ↔ NaHCO3 + NaOH ;
3. (pH<7). , :
Zn2+ + HOH ↔ ZnOH+ + H+ - .
ZnCl2 + HOH ↔ ZnOHCl + HCl ;
4. . (pH≈7) , .
() , .. :
Al2S3 + 3H2O = 2Al(OH)3↓ + 3H2S↑
, , , , , .
3.
3. .
pH | ||
pH=7 ( ) | ||
pH>7 ( ) | ||
pH<7 ( ) | ||
pH≈7 ( ) |
. ( ), , .. .