.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


4




- , . , , , , . . , . , ( ) . , , ( ), . , , 3. , , , , . , , , , , . ., . , ( ) , , . , , . , , , . . , , . . . , ú , , 4. . , , , , 5.

. , , . , , , . , . , . , -, . , , . , , , . , . , , . , , , . , , , . , ( ) .

, . , . . , , 50 6. , . . . : , , , , , ... , , 7. , , , , , , 8.

, . . , , , , , . , , , . , . , , , , . , , , . , , . . . , , , .

, , , , . , - , . , o , , . , , , . , , . , .

? , , , , . . , , , , , , . . , , , 9. . 10. , , . , , , . , , , , .

, , , , , . , . , , . , . , , , . , , , , , , .

, , . * , , . , , , . ; , , , , 11.

, , . . , , . . , , , , . , , , , . , , . , , , .

, , , , . , 60 , , , , 12. , . , .

, ; , , , 13. , , , , . , , , . , , -, , ; , , 14.

, , . . . , , , . , , . , , , , . , , , . , , . . , , . . , , , . , , , .

, , . , , , . , . , , , , . , , , . , , , . , , , , . , , .

, , , . , . , , . , -, , , . , ( ) , 15. , , , , . . , 16. . . , , , . . , , , , , . , , , , .

, , . , , . , , , . , , , , . , , , , , . .

, . , , , . . ( , ) , . - , , . , . , - , . . , .

, . , . , , . - , , , . , , . , . , . , , , .

, . , , , , . , , . , . , , , , . , , , . , . , , , , , . , , , , , , , , ipso facto .

1 .: E. Nagel. Principles of the Theory of Probability, Vol. I, 6, of International Encyclopedia of Unified Science, p. 6075.

2 K. R. Popper. The Logic of Scientific Discovery. N. Y., 1959, esp. chaps. IIV.

3 .: . Frank. Einstein, His Life and Times. N. Y., 1947, p. 142146. .: . Nordmann. Einstein and the Universe. N. Y., 1922, chap. IX.

4 . S. Kuhn. The Copernican Revolution. Cambridge, Mass., 1957, chaps. III, IV, VII. , , .

5 M. Jammer. Concepts of Space. Cambridge, Mass., 1954, p. 118124.

6 I. . Cohen. Franklin and Newton: An Inquiry into Speculative Newtonian Experimental Science and Franklin's Work in Electricity as an Example Thereof. Philadelphia, 1956, p. 9394.

7 . . . . . . - , 1952, . 444.

8 M. Planck. Scientific Autobiography and Other Papers. N.Y., 1949, p. 3334.

9 .: E. . Burtt. The Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Physical Science, rev. ed. N. Y., 1932, p. 4449.

10 , : , , . , , - . , , . (R. Strutt, 4th Baron Rayleigh. John William Strutt, Third Baron Rayleigh [New York, 1924], p. 23.)

* , , 1627 ; II, 15761612 ., . . .

11 , , .: F. Reiche. The Quantum Theory. London. 1922, chaps. II, VIIX. . .

12 . Kuhn. Op. cit., p. 219225.

13 E. T. Whittaker. A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity, I, 2d ed. London, 1951, p. 108.

14 Ibid., II, 1953, p. 151180. ( .) . , : . A. Schilpp (ed.). Albert Einstein, Philosopher-Scientist. Evanston, Ill., 1949, p. 101.

15 , , .: J. L. E. Dreyer. A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler, 2d ed. N. Y., 1953. .: J. R. Partington and D. McKie. Historical Studies of the Phlogiston Theory. Annals of Science, IV, 1939, p. 113149.

16 , , . J. R. Partington. A Short History of Chemistry, 2d ed. London, 1951, p. 134. .: H. Kopp. Geschichte der Chemie,III. Braunschweig, 1845, p. 294296.


XIII





:


: 2016-11-20; !; : 227 |


:

:

- , - .
==> ...

1445 - | 1369 -


© 2015-2024 lektsii.org - -

: 0.024 .