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, . , , , , . , , . . , . , . , . , , , 11. , . , , , , . (, , , , , raison d'être* ) , , . , , , , .

. , , , . . , , , , , . , , , . , , ... , , . , , , -, , .

, . , , , . , , . , - , , , , -. . , , XVII , , . XVIII , XIX . . . , , .

, , . , . , . , XVIII , , XVI XVII . 1740 . , , XVIII , , XVIII XVI 12. - 1740 1780 . , , , . , , , , XVII XIX . , , . ( ), , .

1 J. Priestley. The History and Present State of Discoveries Relating to Vision, Light and Colours. London, 1772, p. 385390.

* , . . .

2 V. Rnhi. Histoire de la lumière. Paris, 1956, chaps. IIV.

3 D. Roller and D. H. D. Roller. The Development of the Concept of Electric Charge: Electricity from the Greeks to Coulomb (Harvard Case Histories in Experimental Science, Case 8, Cambridge, Mass., 1954); I. . hen. Franklin and Newton: An Inquiry into Speculative Newtonian Experimental Science and Franklin's Work in Electricity as an Example Thereof. Philadelphia, 1956, chaps VIIXII. . . , , , , , : . S. Kuhn. The Function of Dogma in Scientific Research, in: A. C. Crombie (ed.). Symposium on the History of Science. University of Oxford, July 915, 1961. Heinemann Educational Books, Ltd.

4 . : . . . 2- . , ., 1972, . 2.

5 D. Roller and D. H. Roller. Op. cit., p. 14, 22, 28, 43. , . 43, , , , .

6 . : , , ... (. . ., . 2, . 212.) . : . Clagett. Giovanni Marliani and Late Medieval Physics. N. Y., 1941, chap. IV.

7 D. Rller and D. H. Roller. Op. cit., p. 5154.

8 .: Cohen. Op. cit., p. 491494, 531543.

9 , . 1759 , , - . , , . , - , , , , , . (Ibid., . 543546, 548554).

10 . . ., . 2, . 117.

11 , , , . , , , , , ., (. Farrand (ed.). Benjamin Franklin's Memoirs. Berkeley, Calif., 1949, p. 384386). , . , . XVIII XIX . : Ch. . Gillispie. The Encyclopédie and the Jacobin Philosophy of Science: A Study in Ideas and Consequences. Critical Problems in the History of Science, ed. . Clagett. Madison, Wis., 1959, p. 255289; The Formation of Lamarck's Evolutionary Theory. Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences, XXXVII, 1956, p. 323338.

* (). . .

12 , , , . .: D. Roller and D. H. D. Roller. Op. cit., p 6681; W. C. Walker. The Detection and Estimation of Electric Charges in the Eighteenth Century. Annals of Science, I, 1936, p. 66100; E. Hoppe. Geschichte der Elektrizität. Leipzig, 1884, Part. I, chaps. IIIIV.


III

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, 90- XVIII , . , 4. , , , . . , , .

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. , , . XVIII , , , . . , . , . , (ad hoc) . , , , , . , , - , , . , . , , . , , XVIII , , , ' . , , , , , 9.





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