( tanker, tank - , , ), , . , , ( , , , , .), (, .), , , . .
2- 19 . ( ) ( ). 1873 ; . 1878 250 8 , , . 670 , , 1882, 4 3000 . 1974 , 7855 155 . . ( 100 . ). 1975 1268 2000 168 . , 82% .
. 812 . . 1018 . . 30- 40 . . . 1959 . 100 . , 1900 . 200 . . 1908 300 . > , 1975 . 554 . .
, VLCC ULCC ( , Very Large Crude oil Carrier Ultra Large Crude oiu Carrier, . e, )
:
1. 5 . . ( );
GP (General Purpose) (600016 499 ); , ;
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GP (16 50024 999 ); ;
2. 30 .;
MR (Medium Range) (2500044999 ); ;
3. 30 . , :
- Handysize 30 70 . ;
- Panamax 70 80 .;
- Aframax 80 125 .;
- Suezmax 125 200 .;
- VLCC(Very large crude carrier) 200 310 . ;
- ULCC (Ultra large crude carrier) 310 .
1
Panamax, . Aframax . Suezmax .
VLCC ULCC .
( ) . , , .. . , 5-8% , , , .
(load-on-top - LOT) , IMCO d 1973 , . - 75 % . ( ) , , . , , , .
, IMCO , (with segregated tanks), , . 150 . . 45%, 500 . . 30% , , 30%.